ON SOME POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF INLAID JEWELLERY.

Transcription

1 ON SOME POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF INLAID JEWELLERY. COMMUNICATED TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES BY Ο. M. DALTON, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A. PRINTED 13Y J. B. NICHOLS AND SONS, PARLIAMENT MANSIONS, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER

2 FROM ARCHAEOLOGIA, VOL. LYIII.

3

4 Archeologi. Vol. LVIII. PI. XVI. INLAID GOLD ORNAMENTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (FULL SIZE). Published by the Society of Antiquries of London, 1902.

5 On some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. By Ο. M. DALTON, Esq., Μ.Λ., F.S.A. Red 20th Mrch, THE Erly Teutonic jewellery ornmented with grnets nd glss pstes, frequently known s Orfevrerie Cloisonnee, hs been so extensively discussed tht it my pper lmost superfluous to drw ttention to it once more. But the publiction in the following pges of objects now in the British Museum will, it is hoped, supply fresh links in the chin of evidence connecting it with the Est; for it is now universlly greed tht this kind of jewellery entered Europe from Asi, nd it is with exmples of erly dte from tht continent tht we re here chiefly concerned. The principl im of this Pper is to mke better known the rmlet from the Oxns, nd the reliqury from Afghnistn reproduced by figures I nd 2 of the ccompnying coloured plte (Plte XVI.). But in considering these objects it lis been difficult to void specultion s to the origin of the style of ornmenttion which they represent. The erly dte nd pronounced Persepolitn style of the rmlet bring us nerer to Egypt thn nything hitherto discovered in the Est, nd in view of these fcts, we re tempted to revive the question whether the Cloisovnee jewellery of Centrl Asi cn hve been introduced from the bnks of the Nile. The opposite theory, which regrds this jewellery s indigenous in Asi, hs probbly the blnce of opinion in its fvour; but in the present stte of our knowledge, its cceptnce would pper to involve something of dilemm. For on this view the gret ntiquity of the erliest Egyptin jewels in this style would compel us either to prove tht their Estern prototypes were in existence some three thousnd yers before Christ; or to suppose two independent centres of invention, one in Asi, the other in Afric, thus severing Egypt from ll connection with the development of the rt on the neighbouring continent. Time my remove the difficulties incident to these

6 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. lterntives, but t present neither of them is esy of cceptnce. The perfection of the fmous inlid jewels of Dsliur (figs. 1 nd l), which belong to the twelfth dynsty (third millennium, B.C.), would mke it necessry to ssume from their rude Asitic forerunners n lmost fbulous ntiquity. But so fr s I m wre, neither Bbyloni nor Assyri, Centrl Asi, or Indi, hve s yet produced nything in this style of so remote dte ; nd though the erly rcheology of Chin is t present so little known tht it my hve mny surprises in store, s mtters now stnd it is legitimte inference tht the Fr Est could hrdly hve exercised n rtistic influence towrds the West thirty centuries before the beginning of our er. The theory which derives enmelling from Asi, does not involve the sme dilemm, becuse this ws not one of the chrcteristic rts of Ancient Egypt. Fig. 1. Inlid gold nox from I)shur. After de Morgn. Fig. l. Inlid " soul " from Dshur, in tlie possessson of F. G. Hilton-Price, Esq. It is mtter of common knowledge tht brooches, buckles, sword-hilts, rings, nd other objects of gold nd bronze ornmented with flt slices of stone, usully grnet, or of glss pstes in imittion of it, hve been found in gret numbers in the cemeteries of the principl Teutonic tribes which succeeded to the inheritnce of the Romn Empire. From Englnd they cn be trced bck through Frnce nd Spin, Germny nd Scndinvi, Northern Itly nd Hungry to Southern Russi nd the Cucsus. Tht the objects found in the countries furthest towrd the Est re erlier thn those from the West is obvious from mny indictions, mong others from the incresing degrdtion of zoomorphic designs which is pprent s we proceed from the Cucsus towrd our own country, [t is indeed universlly ccepted tht of ll the Teutonic tribes the

7 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Goths were tlie first to mke use of new style of jewellery, nd tht they becme cquinted with it during their sojourn to the north of the Blck Se from the third to the end of the fourth century A.D. By the close of the fourth century the new fshion hd lredy superseded the enmels of the erly Romn Empire, nd by the fifth it hd spred right cross Europe, its presence in Merovingin Frnce being ttested by the splendid ornments discovered in the tomb of Childeric I. (died 481), t Tourni in the middle of the seventeenth century." In our own country, which ws mong the lst to receive the new fshion, this brnch of the goldsmith's rt reched its highest perfection in the seventh century, nd is best represented by the finds in the county of Kent. After this period it rpidly declined throughout Europe, nd by Crlovingin times hd prcticlly disppered. As fr s this continent is concerned, Southern Russi is the most importnt district which Ave hve to consider, for it is here tht this jewellery mde its first ppernce. With its subsequent development in Europe Ave re not directly concerned, but two smll objects of Europen origin, both now in the British Museum, hve been reproduced to illustrte the clss (Plte XVI. figs. 4 nd 5), one Visigotliic buckle from Spin, the other brooch in the form of fish, probbly from the Rhine. b Before proceeding to describe the objects under discussion it will be well to define the terminology to be employed nd to touch upon their more prominent chrcteristics. Cochet, Le tombeu de Childeric lev, Pris, The objects found in this tomb re described in ll books deling with Teutonic jewellery. The sword is finely reproduced in Bock, Kleinodien des heiligen Iwmischen Reichs, pi. xlvi., nd in Lbrte, Ilistoire des Arts industriels n Moyen ge, vol. i. b Among the numerous ccounts of Teutonic inlid jewellery, especilly with regrd to its pssge cross Europe, my be mentioned the following : C. de Lins, Origines de Γ Orfevrerie Cloisonnee, nd 17 Orfevrerie Merovingienne; J. de Bye, Origine orient le de Γ Orfevrerie Cloisonnee et son introduction en Occident pr les Goths, Compte Rendu du congres interntionl d'rcheologie prehistorique et d'nthropologic, Moscow, 1892, i. 353 ff. ; other ppers by the sme uthor in vrious rcheologicl publictions; Henszlmnn, L'dge du fer, etude sur Vrt gothique, Compte Rendu, s bove (Bud Pestli, 1876); F. de Lsteyrie, Ilistoire de VOrfevrerie (Pris, 1875), 65 if. ; E. Molinier, Ilistoire des rts ppliques VIndustrie, vol. ii. L'Orfevrerie, chpter I. M. de Lsteyrie's ccount hs been reproduced with dditionl illustrtions by M. A. Odobesco in his monumentl work on the Tresure of Petross. Those unfmilir with the generl ppernce of the typicl inlid jewellery of Western Europe my consult J. Y. Akermn, Pgn Sxondom (London, 1855) ; the erly volumes of Archeologi Cntin; nd H. Budot, Memoire sur les sepultures des Brhres de Vepoque Merovingienne en Bmcrgogne (Pris, 1860) in which volumes numerous coloured pltes will be found. Mny of the fine exmples from the Cucsus now t St. Petersburg rc figured by KondkofE Tolstoi nd Reinch, Antiquites de l Russie Meridionle (Pris, 1892).

8 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. The generl term wliicli will be used in this pper is " inlid jewellery," which, lthough fr from dequte s description, my be provisionlly dopted s mtter of convenience. Following French usge, I hd previously employed the word " incrusttion," but this hs been bndoned, s critics of judgment nd experience hve pointed out tht the word would probbly led to confusion of ides. Vrious lterntives were t the sme time proposed, some of which introduced terms descriptive of the rt of mosic, with which, especilly the Romn opus sectile, this jewellery hs techniclly points of resemblnce. But n objection to this chnge is tht s the goldsmiths usully relied for their effect upon the vivid contrst between the colour of the stones nd tht of the gold, nd s the gold usully divides ech individul stone from its neighbour, ny such definition would ignore the constnt nd importnt prt which is plyed by the intersecting metl divisions. A further objection, which eqully pplies to the usul French term orfevrerie cloisonnee, is tht second vriety of inlid jewellery which hs for centuries been united with the cloisonne type nd hs lwys been discussed in reltion to it by the numerous writers 011 this subject, would not be covered by the definition. These two vrieties which we shll shortly describe s cloisonnend plte-inlying respectively, re so indissolubly ssocited in the literture of the subject, tht even were there 110 other grounds for mintining the connection, it would be desirble to tret them together for the convenience of students lone. By inlying we here men the ornmenttion of the surfce of n object with smll slices of coloured stone or glss pste, pplied without the intervention of lict; the process is thus essentilly distinct from tht of enmelling, to which, however, 111 some of its vrieties it often bers superficil resemblnce. The ground to which the stones re ttched, frequently by mens of mstic, is usully though not lwys flt, the finished jewel offering one or more plne surfces which produce their effect upon the eye, not by vried relief or beuty of form, but by strong contrsts of colour. It is by its ppel, often by violent mens, to the sense of colour rther thn tht of form, tht inlying is so unfortuntely distinguished from Greek nd from the better clss of Romn goldsmiths' work; but when we condemn it s brbric, we must remember tht the objects 011 which we bse our judgment re usully mong the ltest nd most degrded specimens of very ncient rt. The bse is mde of metl, gold for choice, or in defult of this, silver or gilt bronze ; but we my notice in pssing tht inlying hs been pplied in vrious countries nd t different times to ll kinds of mterils. Gems hve been inlid in ivory, wood, onyx nd jde;

9 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. wood in wood, nd stone in stone ; but the coloristic principle is the sme from the inlid tiles of Persi nd Spin, to the pietr dur of Florence, or the brss nd tortoiseshell of Boulle. Of the two vrieties of inlid jewellery lredy mentioned, the first nd most importnt, to which the term orfevrerie Gloisonnee strictly pplies, is tht most frequently found mong objects from Teutonic grves in Europe. Here the slices of stone or pste re inserted in contiguous cells pplied s in the cse of cloisonne enmel, nd the nme cloisonne-inlying will therefore be pproprited to it, though the English words inlid cell-work or cellinlying would hve nswered the purpose hd the French term not been consecrted by long usge. In the second nd less common method, which is best represented in Estern Europe by the fibulse of Petross, nd in the West by the votive crown of the Visigothic King Svinthil (fig. 2), found in 1858 t Gurrzr, ner Toledo, nd now in the Armeni Rel ' t Mdrid, the gold surfce is itself pierced with holes of vrious shpes disposed in such wy s to form diper or simple design; these holes re then filled with stones fixed in mstic nd supported t the bck by second imperforted plte of gold. Speking generlly, the difference between this method nd the preceding is nlogous to tht between plte-trcery in Gothic rchitecture nd the br-trcery which Fig. 2. Section of the Crown of tlie Visigothic King Svinthil. succeeded it. The rchitecturl nlogy is perhps close enough to justify the description of this second method s plte-inlying, nd it is quite possible tht in jewellery s in rchitecture, the simpler my be the erlier form. The point of trnsition between the two would be reched in cses where the holes cut in the upper plte re exceedingly numerous nd occupy s much of the surfce s the metl, so tht the generl effect pproximtes to tht of work crried out by mens of pplied cloisons or prtitions. It would seem resonble to suppose tht goldsmith who hd reched this stge might be nturlly led to the discovery tht «Bock, Kleinodien, s bove, pi. 37 ; F. de Lsteyrie, Le Tresor de Gurrzr (Pris, 1860) ; Molinier, U Orfevrerie, 12. The vrious crowns of Gurrzr, most of which re in the Cluny Museum t Pris, re mentioned in ll books treting of brbric jewellery.

10 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. work of finer qulity nd greter possibilities miglit be produced by bndoning the continuous sheet of metl nd cutting it into strips plced edgewys between the stones. But exmples of plte-inlying, s bove described, do not pper to hve been found in Egypt, where, on this theory, they might be expected to occur; though objects such s the cedr xe-hft of the eighteenth dynsty in the Ciro Museum covered with plte of gold in which crnelins nd other stones re Fig. 3. Openwork vessels from Petross. After Odobesco, Lc Tresor de I'etross. inlid so s to form hieroglyphs would seem to indicte similr process : here, however, the inlid plte hs pprently no metl support t the bck, but rests directly on the wooden hft. It is possible tht further discoveries in Egypt nd the Est my finlly decide whether cloisonne- nd plte-inly hve been techniclly nd historiclly relted from the erliest times, or whether their De Lins, Origines de VOrfevrerie Cloisonnee, i. 26.

11 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. ssocition only dtes from the erly centuries of our er when they re found together in objects connected with the south of Russi. Another vriety of inlying my be mentioned in this plce, though we re not directly concerned with it. In this the metl is entirely in openwork, like the leding of n old-fshioned window, so tht when the stones re inserted, the ppernce is much the sme on both sides. It thus resembles cell-work without bckground, but it is necessrily stronger nd corser, the cells not being built up out of smll strips, but formed from continuous plte of metl. This style, which we shll cll openwork inly, is consequently less suited for jewels thn for objects of lrger size, such s dishes nd vessels, in the mnufcture of which it hs been used in the Est both in ncient nd modern times (fig. -3). Hving now defined the mening of the terms which it will be convenient to employ, Ave will proceed to the exmintion of the ctul objects, without delying to describe the discoveries by which the distribution of inlid jewellery within the limits of Europe hs been estblished, or to summrise the theories to which they hve given rise. These tsks hve lredy been performed nd it is unnecessry to repet them. There is, however, one uthor who deserves especil mention in this plce, the French scholr, Chrles de Lins, who devoted yers of his life to the study of inlid jewellery, nd whose vrious publictions, especilly his Oricjines de VOrfevrerie Gloisonnee, though sometimes diffuse, re full of useful nd suggestive fcts. All those who hve lboured fter him in the sme field, whether they gree with his conclusions or not, owe lsting debt to his industry nd insight. In 1877 importnt discoveries of ntiquities were mde t site vriously reported s ford ner Tkht-i-Kwt (Kud), between Khulm nd Ivbdin, nd spot stge to the north of the Oxus on the route to Smrknd, nd bout two dys' journey from Kunduz. They brought to light some 1,500 gold nd silver coins, nd number of sttuettes, plques, rings, nd ornments of the sme metls, the whole hving probbly been buried in the bnks of the Oxus itself or of tributry strem, nd wshed wy t some time by flood. If the objects were ll deposited on single occsion, we must ssume tht they constituted fmily tresure cquired during long series of yers, for they re probbly, Cunninghm, on " Relies from ncient Persi in gold silver nd copper," in Journl of the Asitic Society of Bengl, vol. 50, pt. 1 (1881) 151 ff., 52, pt. 1 (1883) 64 ff., 258 ff. Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reineli, Antiquites de l Rnssie Meridionle (Pris, 1892), 284 ff. The plce would thus be not fr removed from the trde-route from Indi to the Cspin nd Blck Ses, which pssed from Cbul to Blkli nd thence to the Oxus.

12 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. like the coins, of different dtes. Among these lst were drics, pieces struck by the Strps Tiribzus, Phrnbzus, Tiridtes nd Phrnspes, tetrdrclnns of Athens, coins of Aknthus in Mcedoni, Aspendus, Byzntium, nd Trsus, of Alexnder the Gret (bout 200), Andrgors, Pixodrus of Cri, Lysimclius of Thrce, Seleukus Niktor, Antiochus I., II., III., Diodotus nd Euthydemus. There were no Prthin coins, nd none of Eukrtides the contemporry of Mitliridtes I., the products of whose mints re not t ll uncommon. The coins thus cover period rnging between the end of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth century, nd bout 180 B.C., nd these dtes ccord in generl with the nture of the other objects, with which, however, re few things of lter period. It is very unfortunte tht the circumstnces ttending the discoveries re imperfectly known; nevertheless, the style of their component prts is sufficiently mrked to enble us to drw conclusions of considerble importnce. It is perhps useless to speculte s to the mnner in which this tresure, commonly clled the Tresure of the Oxus, reched this remote prt of Asi, it hs been suggested tht the greter prt ws hidden by some prince or chief who went to join the rmy of Euthydemus ginst Antiochus the Gret, nd never returned to recover his property. Among the erlier nd finer objects composing the tresure, re two mssive gold pennnulr rings with winged monsters t the ends nd incurved bcks, the form suggesting tht they were intended to be held in the hnd nd not worn upon the wrist. Their shpe nd elborte execution would ill dpt them for ctul wer, though simpler rmlets 1 ' of this shpe hve been found t Amthus in Cyprus, nd on vrious other sites; they my hve been the funerl ornments of some gret personge or else objects of ceremonil nture. The monuments show tht rings were used ceremonilly in Assyri nd Persi, nd it my be remembered tht nnulr nd pennnulr rings with the sme peculirities of form hve been found t vrious bronze-ge sites in Europe, especilly t Morges nd Tlionon on the Lke of Genev; while other prehistoric exmples re preserved in the museums of Brunswick nd Turin. 0 They hve lwys been regrded s Now in the British Museum nd the Victori nd Albert Museum respectively. First published by Mr. (now Sir George) Bird wood in The Illustrted London News soon fter their discovery. b In the British Museum. c Desor et Fvre, Le bel ge du bronze en Suisse, c. xi. p. 24; Chntre, L'ge du bronze, i. 173 if. ; Lindenschmit, Altertliiimer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, iv. pi. 43 ; It. Monro, The Lke Dwellings of Europe (London, 1890), 531 ; G. nd A. de Mortillet, Le Musee prehistorique, pi. lxxxix. No (fter Gstldi, Frmmenti di pletnologi Itlin, pi. xii. fig. 1) ; Odobesco, Le Tresor de Petross, 453 if., where the ceremonil use of rings is discussed t some length.

13 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. ceremonil objects, nd re usully known s Schwurringe it hving been suggested tht they re nlogous to the rmill scr which, the ncient Germns held in their hnds when bout to swer solemn oth. Now the ffinities of the Oxus rmlets re unmistkble. They re Persepolitn, nd such work cn only hve been produced under the Achemenid Kings of the fourth or even the fifth century B.C. The modelling of the monsters, which, though not strictly gryphons, my, for tlie ske of brevity, be described by tht nme, is exctly tht rendered so fmilir to us on the crved reliefs of Persepolis (fig 4), nd glnce t ny illustrted work in which those sculptures re reproduced, will t once revel the identity of tretment. This is especilly mrked in the cse of the limbs, wings, nd horns ; while more distnt nlogies from erlier Asitic rt my lie seen mong the crved slbs from the Assyrin plces in the British Museum. The importnce of this erly origin lies in the certinty which it ffords tht inlid cloisonne jewellery ws being mde t this remote dte, if not in Persi, t lest in Bctri under the strongest Persepolitn influence. The presence in the Oxus Tresure of other objects of undoubted Irnin origin, s well s the generl considertions lredy dduced, re in fvour of Persi itself. Hitherto the erliest Persin Fig. 4. Scene representing mythologicl Combt, t Persepolis. After Flndin et Coste. jewel ornmented with inlid stones, hs been the gold girdle-plte of the erly Sssnin period found t Wolfslieim (fig 16), which is n exmple of plte-inlying nd not of cloisonne-work in the proper sense; but we now hve monument mde in Persi ornmented with inly in the Egyptin mnner, some six hundred yers erlier in dte thn the Wolfslieim jewel. We cnnot definitely ssert tht the inspirtion cme ultimtely from Egypt, for similr cloisonne jewels from intermedite countries hve yet to be discovered. Assyri lis so fr proved brren, nd it hs still to be proved tht jewellery of purely ntive mnufcture in this style ever existed. But there is ground for the belief tht inlid ornments e.g. Flndin et Coste, Voyge en Perse, iii. pis. 123, 151, 152, 157, 164; Perrot nd Cliipiez, History of Art in Persi, i. 145 (English edition). Dieulfoy, L'rt ntique de l Perse, iii. 81. b For the mythologicl combt, see

14 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. not very different in kind from Egyptin originls my hve been introduced into the Assyrin Empire s erly s the ninth century B.C., nd tht if ntive crftsmen filed to produce similr work, it ws not for wnt of ccessible models. These my hve lcked the fine qulity of the best Egyptin models, but they would be sufficiently ttrctive to invite imittion, nd it is not impossible tht t the time of Srgon nd his successors, similr work my hve been executed in the country. Fig. 5. Ivory crving from throne, formerly gilt nd inlid with lpis lzuli, from Nimriul. In the British Museum. The discovery by Sir Henry Lyrd of the well-known inlid ivories t Nimrud provide substntil proof of this erly importtion. In chmber in the North West Plce, tht is to sy the erliest of the three plces in the city, built by Ashur-nsir-pl ( B.C.), he discovered number of finelycrved pnels in which, mong subjects of n Asitic chrcter, re reproduced For vrious specultions on the nture of Assyrin jewellery t this period, see de Lins, Origines, i

15 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. mny purely Egyptin designs. Among these re, for instnce, n Egyptin womn holding lotus flower, nd stnding beneth winged disc; Egyptin personges seted on inlid thrones ; crving from throne with two gryphons (fig. 5), nd smll pnel with the rised nd inlid figure of beetle, the type of the Egyptin god Kheper (fig. 6). Now the inlid prts of these crvings re cut into imbrictions nd fine cells reserved in the ivory, the cvities hving been originlly filled with lpis lzuli nd the prts remining in relief gilded. The whole chrcter of the work shows how close nd intimte the connection of Egypt nd Assyri must hve been t this erly time, yet they re not purely Egyptin, but mde by imittors of Egyptin models. Whether or not these imittors were Phoenicins is not mteril to our present purpose ; the importnt Fig. 6. Inlid figure of beetle from Nimrud. Jn the British Museum. point is tht their work supplies possible link bringing the Oxus rmlet into connection with the inlid pectorls nd other Egyptin jewels, 1 ' now preserved t For other erly work in ivory from Preneste, Cliiusi, nd Veii, see W. Helbig, in Annli delv Inst Unto di Gorrispondenz Arclieologic, xlix. (1877) 398 ff., nd li. (1879) 5 ff. ; Monument i inediti of the sme Institute, x. pi. 38 nd figs. 1 nd l, nd xi. pi. ii. tigs. 1-6; R. Grrucci, Archeologi, xli. (1867) 187 ff. For remrks upon such erly ivories, see lso A. J. Evns, Journl of the Anthropologicl Institute of Gret Britin nd Irelnd, xxx. (1900) 200. Exmples of the hybrid rt to which the Nimrud ivories belong will be found in Perrot nd Chipiez, History of Art in Phoenici nd its Dependencies, ii. 338 if. nd 402 (London, 1885). b J. De Morgn, Fouill.es Dhchour (Vienn, 1895), pi. xv. xvi. xix-xxi. Perrot nd Chipiez, History of Art in Ancient Egypt (English edition, London, 1883), ii 381, nd figs h 2

16 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Ciro nd in tlie gret Europen Museums. For when wc consider wht the ppernce of these ivories must hve been when the gilding nd the inly were intct, it is esy to believe tht they were imittions in nother mteril of the clss of inlid gold ornments of the twelfth nd nineteenth dynsties best represented by the Dslmr jewels (fig. 1), by the pectorl of Queen Ah-hetep t Ciro, nd by tht of Kli-em-us, son of Rmses IT. in the Louvre; the close imittion of Egyptin designs nd crtouches, s well s the employment of chrcteristic Egyptin technique, plce some such.. <>;<>ol connection beyond ll doubt. Nor is there nything surprising in such reltionship. The rtistic influence of the Nile Vlley hd been crried fr nd wide over the Estern Mediterrnen from very remote times, nd we cn trce the fshion of inlying 111 the Aegen s erly s the Mycenen Age. Glold rings nd other objects of tht period inlid with blue pstes simulting lpis lzuli hve been found in the islnds, nd we lern from the discovery t Enkomi ) in Cyprus of pectorl inlid with pstes tht rticles of Egyptin mnufcture were lso imported. The period to which the Nimrud ivories belong, intervening s it did between Fig. 7. Ivory sheth inlid the close of the Mycenen Age nd the dwn with mber, from Veii. of rchic clssicl rt in the sixth century B.C., From Arclieologi, vol. xli. ws mrked by gret commercil ctivity nd by pi. vi. the diffusion throughout the Mediterrnen of hybrid rt, in which Egyptin nd Assyrin trditions were blended. To these influences we might firly ssign the introduction of inlid work into the Euphrtes Ylley nd Persi, s well s into the Itlin peninsul, where it hs left trces of its presence in n ivory sheth inlid with mber from pre-etruscn tomb t Veii (fig. 7). From Itly it would pper to hve reched Hllstdt, where it is illustrted by the gret ivory sword-hilts inlid with mber in similr fshion (fig. 8). Although the mber doubtless cme from the North, we my firly ssume, in view of the erly dissemintion of inlying in the Mediterrnen, tht the technique hilt inlid with Fig. 8. Ivory sword mber, from Hllstdt. From cst. cme in from the South, nd tht the crftsmen of Centrl Europe in the erly iron ge lerned to pply mber to new style of ornment. The fshion does not pper to hve persisted, nd did not survive 111 the L

17 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Tene period; it is remrkble fct tht Centrl Europe, which ultimtely received this rt from the distnt shores of the Blck Se, should hve filed to encourge its development when it penetrted the hert of the continent thousnd yers erlier by more direct route. We hve thus obtined the following dt in support of hypothesis connecting the inlid jewellery of Egypt with tht of Persi. The Egyptin jewels re relted to gilt inlid ivories found t Nimrud, nd probbly dting from the ninth century B.C., while the Persepolitn rmlet, which is decorted in the Egyptin wy, is the product of n rt which proceeded from tht of Assyri nd everywhere betrys its influence. Even were the ivories the only representtives of inlid work known in Assyri, they might lmost hve suggested the locl mnufcture of jewels in the sme style; but, s hs been lredy suggested, ctul jewels of Egyptin origin, or copies of them, must surely hve been known in tht country during the period of the erly empire when Egyptin influence ws strong, nd my well hve been imitted by locl workmen. Once introduced into the Euphrtes Vlley, n rt which ppeled so strongly to the Estern love of splendour, would nturlly spred over wide re, nd survive to the times of the Persin Empire. The Oxus rmlets would thus provide link between Persi nd the more ncient monrchies to the West. It is in deling with the ncient history of inlid jewellery tht the principl difficulties rc encountered. For the centrl prt of the genelogy connecting Persi witli Southern Russi is less dependent on specultion, while the lter descent from Southern Russi through Hungry, nd the countries lying further to the West hs lredy been so mply demonstrted by vrious writers tht it needs no further evidence. It is now necessry to tke up the thred of the inquiry t the intermedite point, nd follow this brnch of the jeweller's rt from Persi to the bnks of the Don. We shll then retrce our steps nd discuss some interesting exmples of plte-inly, dting from the erliest centuries of our er, one of which, reliqury hitherto unpublished, ws found in Buddhist tope ner Jellbd in Afghnistn. It will then be reclled tht both plte nd cloisonne-inlying re found united in objects belonging to tresure scribed to the fourth century A.D., nd closely connected with Southern Russi. In order to perform the first of these tsks, it will now be necessry to describe the Oxus rmlets in greter detil. They re mssive gold, perhps solid t the bck but tubulr t the ends, the metl being everywhere sufficiently thick to dmit of the cutting of the rther

18 14 On some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. deep cvities seen on tlie flnks, legs, heds, horns, nd tils of the gryphons. The wings, which re flt on the inner sides, re covered on the outer with thin pplied cells imitting fethers, while the necks re ornmented with similr cells forming n imbricted design. Down the brest nd long the bck runs brod sunk bnd divided trnsversely by pplied prtitions forming broken lines, between which were set flt pieces of stone cut to the required shpe. Only one of these now remins in position in the well-protected plce between the wings. Tlie presence of the broken line, itself feture of erly Teutonic inlid work, should be especilly remrked, for not the lest remrkble point in the long history of inlying is the persistence of ornmentl detils through wnderings which occupied mny hundreds of yers nd extended over thousnds of miles. The tils of the gryphons, which re squre (fig. 9) form continution of the bnd down the bck, though the rectngulr cells into which ech re divided re not in pplied work, but formed by prtitions reserved in the metl, the sme method being dopted on both of the horns. The cup-sliped termintions of the horns re very chrcteristic fetures of Assyrin nd Persepolitn Art, nd my be noticed on the reliefs from the Assyrin plces in the British Museum, nd on the sculptures of Persepolis, where lso the similrity in the tretment of the whole monster, especilly the modelling of the limbs, is t once pprent/ 1 We my drw specil ttention here to the mnner of ornmenting the flnks by mens of sunk cvities intended to receive inlid stones, for s we shll shortly see, this method forms n importnt *ig.!). Bck View... of gryphon on link connecting the rmlet with the work ot the countries whose gold rmlet from Ί, theoxus. rrite rt we hve next to describe. It- my be noticed tht on the XVI. fig.].).. thighs of the gryphons these cvities re so rrnged s to form pttern composed of circulr dot between two comm-like lines. This pttern b is commonly found upon brbric ornments of the seventh to eighth centuries in Southern Russi, Hungry, Lombrdy, nd Western Europe, where it occurs upon the flt links of the chins from which the crown of Svinthil is suspended. Tlie cup-like termintions of tlie horns re most noticeble in the cse of tlie monsters without bird-like heds t the corners of the Tkht of the Royl Tomb (Perrot nd Cliipiez, i. 219). In other exmples of the mythologicl combt, wht looks like horn with expnded end, my be simply prt of the mne which the ssilnt grsps to secure firmer hold. b Riegl, Die Spiromische Kunstindnslrfe us den Fvndev in OesierreicTi-Ungrn ("Vienn, 1901), 204.

19 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. It is lso seen on the sixth century trnsenne of the Cthedrl of Rvenn, nd is supposed to hve been first employed in pierced mrble-work. But when we find this line-nd-point motive upon objects from Persepolis dting from the fourth or fifth century B.C., nd lso upon gold ornments from Siberi nd South Russi, which s we shll see re techniclly llied to them, it is t lest worth considertion whether, like the method of inlying which it so erly ccompnies, it my not lso hve originted in the Est. The nture of the stones with which these rmlets were set must now be discussed, for lthough the South Kensington exmple hd lost ll its inly, while in tht preserved in the British Museum only one complete slice in the bck nd frgment in the right brest of one gryphon remined in their plces, this ws fortuntely sufficient to decide the question. This rmlet lis been exmined by Professor A. H. Church, who lis submitted the frgment to creful nlysis, the result of which my be given here in his own words : " I hve now completed, so fr s the very limited supply of mteril hs llowed, my testing of the tiny bit of inly from the gold rmlet from the Oxus tresure. " First of ll, I ought to sy tht the frgment is not pste or glss of ny kind, nd hs not been fused in situ. Nor hs it been fceted, but the ngulr fces hve been produced by chipping not by grinding. "I tested the frgment for phosphoric cid, nd found it; but I could detect no copper, to which element turquoise owes it colour. But there re other blue minerl phosphtes. So I turned my ttention to the best known of these, nmely odontolite, or fossil turquoise, which is relly mmmoth ivory coloured bine nturlly by vivinite or iron phosphte. But this substnce dissolves esily in cids while your frgment ws unttcked (turquoise likewise dissolves). The only other blue ntive phosphte which one might expect to encounter is lzulite, minerl which occurs in severl Europen loclities, but hs lso been recognised in severl Indin loclities, s t Culbgrh. It is ' hydrous luminium phosphte,' but, unlike turquoise, is prcticlly insoluble in cids nd contins no copper. I cnnot ffirm tht your inly is certinly lzulite, but it behves before the blowpipe exctly like this species, contins phosphoric cid, nd, like lzulite, is hrdly cted 011 by cids. There my be, nd probbly re, other blue pliosphtic minerls still to be recognised, but I do not think you will be fr wrong if you describe the inly s ' probbly lzulite, blue luminium phosphte resembling turquoise in hrdness but of rther greter density.' " Letter to Mr. C. H. Red.

20 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. This result is interesting, for it suggests tht the goldsmiths my hve chosen this stone in preference to turquoise, becuse it more closely resembled the lpis lzuli of the erliest models known to them. In lter times the turquoise hs lwys been the fvourite stone in Persi, nd the mines of Nislipur in Khorssn hd very wide reputtion in West Centrl Asi. Lzulite is of firly brillint blue, wheres turquoise lis decided greenish tint, nd this, under the circumstnces, my hve been sufficient to explin the preference shown for the former. The point my be of trifling importnce, but it is wortli mentioning, for such evidence s it ffords tends to support rther thn to invlidte the Egyptin origin of inlid jewellery. The Oxus tresure contins nother pennnulr rmlet (Plte XVI. fig. 3), of smller size, which would seem to be lter 111 dte. Its ends terminte in rms' heds, the necks being inlid with turquoises in pplied cells divided by prtitions forming broken lines. I11 style nd execution it is closely connected with the objects from the tumuli of Southern Siberi to which we must now pss. The gold ornments found in the tombs in the steppes of Western Siberi form clss distinguished by gret individulity of tretment. They hve been discovered t vrious times since the dys of Peter the Gret probbly for the most prt bout the upper wters of the Obi, nd the mjority of those now preserved in the Imperil Museum of the Hermitge hve been in St. Petersburg for gret number of yers. The erly Russin settlers in Siberi found the explortion of tumuli profitble occuption which they pursued with so much energy during the erly prt of the eighteenth century tht few interments were left undisturbed. So systemtic ws the spolition tht modern excvtor is held to be lucky if in severl hundred tumuli he finds single undisturbed interment. The tresures yielded by the buril mounds thus cme in such numbers into the locl mrkets tht they re sid to hve deprecited the locl vlue of gold. b But though the buse ws checked by Imperil edicts, 0 no On these ornments, see cle Lins, Origines, ISfc. ii.; Kondkoff Tolstoi nd Reinch, Antiquites de l Russie Meridionle, 364 ff. ; Odobesco, Le Tresor de Petross, pt. i b J. R. Aspelin, Compte Rendu of the Interntionl Congress of Anthropology nd Prehistoric Archeology, Stochholm, 1876, ; W. Rdloff, Aus Sibirien (Leipzig, 1884), ii. 76 ; de Lins, Origines Sfc. ii. 193 ff. ; Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove, 368 ff. c W. Rdloff, in Mterils for Russin Archeology, Prt 15 (1893), Appendix, 53, published by the Imperil Archeologicl Commission, St. Petersburg (Russin). In this ppendix four of the pltes from Witsen's Noorden Ost Trtrye, representing Siberin ntiquities re reproduced.

21 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. records of the circumstnces ttending individul discoveries hve hitherto been vilble, nd little is therefore known of the history of prticulr objects or of the other objects in bser metl with which they were ssocited. It is, however, prcticlly certin tht these gold ornments belong to mounds of the iron ge, for they frequently represent nimls of monstrous nd fntstic form which re entirely bsent mong the remins from bronze-ge tombs in the sme re. b As to the precise time when the use of iron becme common, there is no stisfctory evidence ; but comprison of objects of the iron ge from the Alti Steppes with others from the Scythin tombs north of the Blck Se seems to show tht the new metl ws known s erly in Siberi s in Southern Russi, 0 while the erliest Chinese records mention no tribes using bronze wepons. To discuss the identity of the people who mde these inlid jewels would compel us to enter into vexed questions 011 which the opinions of ethnologists re not unnimous. They were probbly for the most prt nomdic horsemen, nd hve been conjecturlly identified with the Mssgete, whose prtility to gold ornments ws remrked by Herodotus.' 1 These Siberin ntiquities re lrgely composed of brcelets, didems nd ornmentl plques of gold bering representtions both of the fun of Centrl nd Western Asi nd lso of monstrous niml forms. The plques were most likely pplied both to the costume of men nd to the trppings of their horses, the fondness of the inhbitnts of the Steppes for this kind of ornment being well known from very ncient times. The greter prt of these tresures probbly belonged to chiefs nd importnt persons who were ble to obtin bundnt supplies of the precious metls. The Url nd Alti Mountins were not the only sources from which gold ws derived; e Upper Tibet hs been described by medievl nd modern M. tie Kieseritzky, Keeper of tlie Deprtment of Greek nd Scythin Antiquities t tlie Hermitge, St. Petersburg, will shortly issue profusely illustrted ctlogue of tlie Siberin ornments, in which much fresh informtion is promised. b ΛΥ. Kdi oh', A us Sibirien, ii. 84 nd 127. c J. R. Aspelin, Antiquites du Nord Finno-Ougrien (trnsltion G. Biudet, Helsingfors, 1877) <l On the question of the erly inhbitnts of the Siberin Steppes, see Rdloff, Aus Sibirien, ii. 129 ff. ; Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, Antiquites de l Eussie Meridionle, Prt iii. 323 ff. ; Klements, Antiquities of the Minusinsk Museum, 65 ff., Tomsk, 1886 (Russin). e A. Lppo-Dnilevsky in Mterils for Russin Archeology, Prt 13 (1894) p. 14 (Russin) ; 1ST. Pop off. V. Ttischeff nd his times (Moscow, 1861), 563-4; Herodotus, Book I. 215, iii. 98, 102; Strbo xi. 8, 6. C

22 18 On some point* in the History of In lid Jewellery. trvellers s highly uriferous region; nd Russin trveller of the eighteenth century records tht in his dy Bokhr nd Turkestn were so rich in gold nd silver tht the inhbitnts only used wht they found on or ner the surfce of the O ground. The most chrcteristic feture of these Siberin ornments lies, s ' hs been lredy remrked, in the sinking in vrious prts of the design, for instnce on the flnks of the nimls of smll tringulr, circulr, or per-shped cvities in which turquoises nd grnets re embedded. We hve seen tht this brings them into connection with the Persepolitn rmlets in which we noticed n identicl style of decortion, nd the procedure my well hve been introduced from Persi, the influence of which country spred fr beyond its own borders in very erly times. As n illustrtion of this we my drw ttention to brbric gold ornment (fig. 10) representing the lion-heded gryphon of Persin rt, which formed prt of the Oxus tresure. This monster ws lso dopted by the Greeks, nd good exmple of it my be seen on the fmous fourthcentury vse of Xenophntos, found ner Kertch in On this vse is pinted scene representing brbrins hunting gryphons both of the lion nd egle-heded vrieties, nd the ppended nmes of the hunters re principlly Persin. If the bove view of the origin of embedding is correct, the process my represent crude ttempt to enhnce Pig. 10. Gold plque from the Oxus Tresure, representing lion-heded gryphon. sculpturl effect, nd to ccentute by contrst of colour the chrcteristic conventionl tretment of niml joints nd muscles seen on Persepolitn nd Assyrin sculptures. In the hnds of brbric goldsmiths it would rpidly overpss these ntomicl limits in proportion s love of mere splendour predominted over higher rtistic sense, nd would finlly run wild over the surfce of the ornment, s is the cse in some of the Siberin plques which pper to be sprinkled with turquoises in fshion which confuses rther thn ssists the eye. It my be, however, s De Lins mong others supposed, tht this method of embedding originted in Asi, nd tht its presence on the Oxus rmlets is due to reflex influence from Scythin rt. The new ctlogue of the Hermitge collections will, it my be hoped, plce us in possession of importnt evidence on this point. Menwhile it my be Compte Rendu de l Commission Impe'rile rche'ologique, 1866, 139 if. Atls, pi. iv.

23 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. remrked tht even if this peculir form of embedding should prove to be of Asitic invention, it would not follow tht cloisonne inlying hd the sme origin. It now becomes necessry to mention one or two of these Siberin objects, comprison of which my ssist in determining the dte of the whole clss. Fig. 11. Gold plque from Siberi, in the Museum of tlie Hermitge, St. Petersburg. From n electrotype in the Victori nd Albert Museum, South Kensington. There is in the Hermitge t St. Petersburg gold plque (fig. 11 ), in the form of gret bird of prey holding wild got in its clws. The neck, brest, nd upper prt of the wings of this bird re covered with cells, in which there De Lins, Qrigines, ii. 196; Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove, 379. This bird ws reproduced in Archeoloyi s erly s 1773, see vol. ii. pi. xv., but the figure is very inccurte. C 2

24 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. re sid to be trces of red stones or pstes; while in the body nd in the horns of the got re sunk cvities of the usul style which were pprently once filled with turquoises, such combintion of red nd blue stones being not uncommon in these Siberin plques. The got is executed in style resembling tht of other nimls represented in well-known tresure from South Russi, nd to this fct we owe one of the few clues which we hve to the ge of the Siberin nd South Russin ornments. This tresure ws discovered in 1864 t Novotcherksk on the Don, nd contined, mongst other objects, two gold rmlets, three smll boxes nd collr embedded with turquoises in the fmilir Siberin style, gold sttuette of Eros plying 011 pipe, nd crown or tir of beten gold set with cboclion stones, the upper rim of which ws surmounted by row of deer (fig. 12), nd brnches of smilx, while the front ws set with bust of n empress crved in ple methyst or clcedony. The bust, which must hve originlly been mde for nother object, is usully held to be lte Romn work of bout the third century.i)., nd thus gives n pproximte dte for the tresure, dte which would be strikingly confirmed if the coins of Augustus, Nero, nd Glb obtined in Tobolsk in the eighteenth century, were relly tken from Siberin tombs. b The little birds upon the upper rim re ornmented in the sme wy s the lrge bird of prey which hs just been described, nd from the lug. 12. Deer Iroin the top of tbe gold crown from Novotcher- lower edge hng number of pendnts of erlier dte in ksk, in the Museum of the Her- σ σ j. mitge, St. Petersburg. Kondkoir. After the style of those found in the lter Greek ornments from Kertcli, showing tht the crown ws probbly mde in Southern Russi. From the lrge bird of prey nd the Novotclierksk tresure we therefore lern tht this curious Siberin style of jewellery, in which embedding nd cloisonne inlying re combined, ws prctised to the west of the Url Mountins in the first centuries of our er, nd in Siberi itself lmost certinly erlier. For mong the Siberin objects re exmples with representtions of birds nd monsters, in which the style of the cloisons is so closely llied to tht seen on the Oxus rmlet, De Lins, Origines, ii. 131 ft", nd ccompnying pltes ; Compte Rendu de l Commission Imperile Archeologique (St. Petersburg, 1864), 20; de Lsteyrie, Hist, de Vorfevrerie, 67-8; Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove, 488 f. b Figured in Witsen, Noord en Ost Trtrye, 4th plte of ntiquities ; reproduced by W. Rdloff; in Mterils for Russin Archeology, Prt 15 (1894), 134. See lso Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove. 367.

25 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. t.lit they cnnot be fr removed in point of dte. Prticulrly remrkble in this respect re figure of bird holding swn in its clws, nd mgnificent Fig. 13. Top of hookh inlid with turquoises from Yrknd. In the Indi Museum, South Kensington. gold pennnulr collr, the ends of which terminte in winged monsters. b It is cler tht in Persi, nd in tlie countries beyond it to the north-est, the rt of Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove, 381, fig n This collr is. I believe, still unpublished.

26 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. inlying ws prctised in gret perfection t ny rte s erly s the fourth century B.C., nd if Persi ws the erlier centre of mnufcture, the fine inlid work of modern Centrl Asi, of which our museums contin few exmples (fig. 13), but which is splendidly represented in the collection of Orientl rms in the Hermitge t St. Petersburg, is of Persin descent. We my sfely follow de Lins in ssuming tht Bctri plyed prominent prt in the mnufcture of jewellery; nd this country being inhbited by cultivted people, nd t the sme time Strpy of the Persin Empire ws prticulrly qulified to trnsmit Persin influence to the brbric tribes north of the Oxus. In support of the Persin clim, we my gin refer to the fct tht the winged monsters of Siberin rt re lmost certinly immigrnts from Hither Asi, nd it hs been conjectured tht culturl influences from this region penetrted s fr s the Yenisei even before iron ws known. Now if Persi trnsmitted these monsters to Centrl Asi severl centuries before Christ, she my well hve lso introduced the cloisonne work with which we suppose her to hve been long cquinted. I m wre tht the style of the Siberin plques, notbly in the grouping of the nimls, the confusion of plstic nd pictoril methods, nd the generl ignornce of perspective, hs been compred to tht of erly Chinese rt, b nd tht, other things being equl, the identicl rguments just dduced in fvour of Persi might be used in support of Chinese clim. But wheres we hve in the Oxus rmlets Persin inlid jewels which my go bck s fr s the fifth century B.C., from Chin we hve nothing of equl ge. Those who know Chin best re not disposed to ly much stress upon her possible rtistic influence 011 countries to the West very long before the Christin er; nd even in fr lter times the inititive in importnt rtistic deprtures in the Middle Kingdom is held to hve come from outside. For instnce, cloisonne enmelling ws introduced from western, presumbly Byzntine, sources towrds the close of the Yuen Dynsty, for the nme of Chih-cheng ( ), is found underneth the foot of cloisonne pieces which my be ccepted s contemporry with tht emperor. The rt ws officilly dopted in the reign of Ching-ti ( ), who belongs to the succeeding Ming Dynsty. c The enquiry hs thus led us through lnds civilized nd brbrous to our nticipted gol in the country known to the Greeks s Scythi, whose costs hd Aspeiin, Antiquites du Nord Finno-Ougrien, trnslted by G. Biudet, 47. b Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reinch, s bove, 408. c Dr. S. W. Busliell, Orientl Cermic Art, Section 8, 286.

27 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. been occupied for mny centuries by colonists of Hellenic descent. The question therefore nturlly rises, wht ws the reltion, if ny, of inlying to the Greek goldsmith's rt? We hve lredy hd occsion to remrk tht the inlid work of ncient Egypt influenced Mycenen jewellery, nd tht in the centuries which followed the Mycenen ge, ivories inlid with mber in imittion of the Egytin technique were produced in Northern Itly nd Upper Austri. But Hllstdt seems to be the extreme limit which this fshion ttined in Centrl Europe before the Christin Er; it does not pper to hve found fvour with the crftsmen of the L Tene nd lte Celtic periods, or to hve mde ny further progress towrds the north nd west; while the mber-inlid ivories themselves re but rude nd debsed exmples of the sumptuous rt from which they clim descent. Nor did the inlyer's skill ppel to the Greek of clssicl times s it hd ppeled to the men of the Mycenen ge, nd Ave my tke it tht Hellenic rt of the best period hd little or nothing to do with inlid jewellery s we understnd it. To the fine Greek sense of beuty it would perhps hve ppered meretricious, nd trces of it mong Hellenic jewels re extremely rre. But it does pper to hve obtined entrnce into one district inhbited by Greeks, nd tht the very region to the north of the Blck Se with which we hve lredy been concerned. The bezel of gold ring, nd disc ttched to gold pin discovered in Greek tombs of the lte third century B.C., in the Tmn Peninsul" re inlid with glss pstes divided by fine gold cloisons forming rosettes, while nother ring hs n inscription executed in similr style but filled with enmel. We know further tht inlying on lrger scle ws commonly prctised t Kertcli, the decorted wooden srcophgi found in the tombs being inlid with figures in ivory. But lthough inlid jewellery ws thus known to Greek goldsmiths, the exmples mde by them re so few in number tht the rt cn hrdly hve been widely disseminted. It is true tht the tresures of Petross nd Ngy Szent Miklos, b which re ssigned to the culture-re of the Greek settlements, were ornmented with inlid stones, but they re both severl centuries lter thn the ring nd pin from the Tmn Peninsul nd revel the predominnce of Persin nd brbric influences. There is thus long intervl Compte Rendu, 1880, 52-3, nd Atls, pi. i. figs. 13 nd 17. For the enmelled ring, see ibid, 77, nd Atls, pi. iii., fig. 7. b For the formerly inlid objects in the N~gy Szent-Miklos tresure, see J. Hmpel, Der Gold fun/1 von Ngy - Szent-Miklos (Bud-Pestli, 1885), 104; the tresure is lso figured in the sme uthor's work in Hungrin, A Regibb Kozepkor, <j-c. (Bud-Pestli, 1894). For the tresure of Petross, see below.

28 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. unillustrted by rcligeologicl discovery ; but it my well be tht the fshion of inlying, once introduced into the Greek sphere of influence on the Euxine, lingered on through the period of rtistic decline, becoming more nd more brbric, but perhps receiving n occsionl stimulus through the importtion of fresh exmples from Persi or Scytlii. The lte dte of the Tmn grve nd the bsence of similr inlid work in the erlier tombs which hve been excvted, would seem to show tht the settlers did not bring the rt with tliem, but lerned it fter their rrivl in their new homes; nd the similr bsence of continuous series of inlnd ornments mong the Grseco-Scythin jewellery of the sme erly period would tend to prove tht the Greeks neither tught the fshion of inlying to their northern neighbours nor lerned it from them. We might be tempted indeed to trce some such erly Greek influence on the inlid work of Scytlii if the tresure of Novotclierksk [see bove) is, s some hve supposed, erlier thn the Christin er. But most rcheologists ssign to this tresure considerbly lter dte; nd even should it be more ncient tht it is usully considered, it would not prove tht the Greeks introduced inlying into tlie Scythin re. For s we hve seen, Siberin ornments re in existence closely llied in style to the Oxus rmlets nd independent of Greek influence. There is, in fct, good reson to conjecture tht inlid jewellery first gined permnent foothold in Europen Scytlii, not from the South, but from the Est, nd tht it trvelled from the Oxus to the bnks of the Don, cross the Obi nd the Url Mountins ; the evidence for the proof or disproof of this hypothesis lies in St. Petersburg, nd it is from Russin rcheologists tht we my expect solution of the problem. The ppernce of inlying mong the lter Greek jewellery of the Tmn Peninsul, my, with greter probbility be ttributed to the more direct influence of Persi, coming from the shores of the Blck or Cspin Ses, or cross the Cucsus. Numerous objects of Persin origin, or in imittion of the Persin style, re found in the Greek tombs of Kertcli, notbly cylinders engrved in intglio with Greek s well s Persin subjects; nd it is quite possible tht the Greeks imitted Orientl inlid jewels just s they reproduced the Asitic cylinder. This direct Persin influence ws continuous, nd is very mrked in the cse of the Petross tresure. Antiquites du Bosphore Cimmerien, pi. xvi. figs. 2, 3, 5, 6 ; Compte Rendu, 1881, pp , nd Atls, pi. v. figs. 6-7, 8-9 ; , Atls, pi. v. fig. 3; Kondkoff, Tolstoi nd Reincli, s bove, p. 67. Objects showing direct Egyptin influence hve lso been found in the tombs of Kertch {Compte Rendu, 1880, 74-75), nd it is possible tht the Greek inlid work, especilly the wooden srcophgi, my hve owed something to this source.

29 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. We must now retrce our steps nd consider group of ornments inlid in nother style, which we hve denominted plte-inlying. The pprent rrity of this style mong Siberin finds would seem to show tht it never mde hedwy north of Persi nd Afghnistn, nd tht it becme populr in Irn lter thn the cloisonne vriety. Future discoveries my prove both these suppositions erroneous; they re dmittedly bsed upon negtive rguments, nd must be regrded in the light of provisionl hypotheses. The first of these exmples of plte inlying is reliqury (Plte Χλ Γ Ι. fig. 2), discovered in 1879 by Mr. Willim Simpson in the Ahin Posh Tope (Stnp) ner Jellbd. This stnp, which ws bout 80 feet in dimeter, ws composed of lrge wter-worn boulders embedded in cly, within n outer shell of lrge stones nd sltes. The reliqury ly in smll cell or cist bout 15 inches squre, built upon the le\ r el of the ground nd composed of sltes lid in horizontl courses. It ws surrounded by two or three hndfuls of shes nd 18 gold coins, nd contined two more gold coins with severl frgments of brown substnce, which hs been exmined by Professor Church, nd thus described by him : " On heting the smll frgment of brown substnce from the Indin reliqury it gve off n romtic or resinous odour nd becme nerly blck but did not diminish in bulk. The residue on further heting becme nerly white. On pouring on to this residue few drops of nitric cid it gve elf little crbonic cid gs, nd nerly completely dissolved when subsequently wrmed. The solution contined lime nd phosphoric cid. The conclusion tht I drw from these tests is tht the substnce in question my be frgment of bone which hs been sturted with some resinous substnce. I cnnot recognise nything kin to bony structure under the microscope, however, nd so my deduction from the tests pplied still needs confirmtion. It might turn out tht the osseous constituents were merely bits of the sme cement used to fix the stones in their cvities on the reliqury. In mny plces in Indi, lime being rre, shells, both fresli-wter nd mrine, re burnt to yield it for mny purposes. There is some phosphte, though very little, in such lime. Its powder mkes with some resins firmer nd stronger cement thn the resins lone. I merelv mention this s point not to be ignored in ny conclusion bsed on the detection of phosphoric cid in the prticle you gve me. My view is tht bone sh ws ' indicted ' but not proved." It is therefore possible, but by no mens certin, tht these frgments re the relics over which the tope ws erected. ρ roceedings of the Asitic Society of Bengl, 1879, d

30 2 6 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. The csket, which is 3 inches long, is in the form of n octgonl prism, hving t ech end perled border, nd lrge loop for the cord by which it ws suspended round the neck. It is opened by drwing out or pushing in one end, the moveble portion sliding into the body of the box nd not covering it like cp; the sme method of closing recurs in nother cylindricl box of plin gold found with Indo-Scythin coins t Mnikyl in the Punjb, nd now lso in the British Museum. The six surfces of the prism re pierced with holes, lterntely ovl nd lef-shped, originlly inlid with lmndine grnets nd lefshped pieces of ple grey-green stone, described by Professor Church s Bowenite, vriety of serpentine chiefly worked in the Sfid Koh Rnge to the south of Jellbd, nd still used in the Punjb for mking knife nd dgger hndles, nd m mosic work. At ech end is design formed of centrl grnet within circle of six herts, which were lmost certinly once filled with the sme green stones. Hd the hert-shped perfortions been eight in number it might sfely hve been ssumed tht this design ws intended to represent the Buddhist lotus (pdm), for this flower is commonly found on relic boxes or upon the tiles plced over the cists in which relics were deposited. The lotus flowers impressed upon tiles from Sugrw, in the Teri of Nepl, re very conventionlly treted, deep depression, usully circulr, mrking the centre of ech lef nd giving the whole n ppernce not unlike the present design. The grnets 011 the reliqury re still ll in their plces; but of the lef-shped pieces of serpentine only one remins, the empty spces from which the others hve fllen reveling the mnner in which the box ws mde. It ws double, spce of bout -gth inch seprting the inner cylinder of plin gold from the perforted nd inlid outer cse. The exterior of the inner cylinder thus formed support for the mtrix of resinous gum, nd in this the stones which filled the pertures were fixed; the reliqury is therefore n exmple of the plte-inlying which hs been described bove. The sfety of the grnets seems to be explined by their being cut of lrger size thn the holes in which they were set nd by the gold hving been rubbed over their edges, while the lef-shped stones only just fitted their pertures. The coins discovered with the reliqury, nd now in the British Museum, Ave re described by Dr. Hoernle while they were still in Indi. 1 ' Seventeen of them belong to three kings of the Indo-Scythin dynsty, viz. ten to Him Archeologicl Survey of Indi, Report on tour of explortion of the ntiquities of the Tri, Nepl, the region of Kpilvstu, in 1899, by Bbu Purn Chndr Mukherji, with pref. by Mr. Y. Smith. b Proceedings Asitic Society of Bengl, 1879, 122 ff.

31 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Kdphises (c A.D.), six to Knisk (Knerki) (c A.D.), nd one to Huvisk (Hverki) (c A.D.). Three re Romn, one of Domitin (81-96 A.D.), one of Trjn ( A.D.), nd one of Hdrin ( ), the lst-mentioned coin hving on the obverse the bust of Juli Sbin, who died 137 A.D. Of the two contined in the reliqury one ws of Him Kdphises (Hoernle, p. 123, No. 9, nd pi. II. nd III.) nd one of Knisk (p. 131, No. 13). All the coins, with the exception of one of Kdphises, re in very good preservtion nd hve suffered little from wer. The presence of these coins enbles us to pproximtely determine the ge of the csket. The gold of which they re mde is very soft, nd would soon show signs of ttrition if they were in constnt circultion. The bsence of ny coins of Vsudev, the successor of Huvisk, or of ny of the kings who followed him, suggests tht the tresure ws deposited during Huvisk's reign. For the coins of Vsudev re more numerous nd better known thn those of ny of the Indo-Scythin kings, nd hve been found in other topes. His successor lso minted without intermission, so tht unless Ave suppose tht it ws customry to deposit in topes only coins which were no longer current, n usge for which there would pper to be no evidence, Ave my plce the dte of the tope t bout the middle of the second century. In view of the regulr communiction existing t tht time between Prthi nd the West, the presence of Romn coins would offer no difficulty, nd there is no reson why coin of Hdrin should not hve been in Afghnistn before 150 A.D. _ Fig. 14. Sculpture from Museum. Gndhr in the British The form of the reliqury differs from tht of the cskets commonly found in Buddhist monuments. The loops t the ends show tht it ws intended to be worn round the neck, nd it my therefore lie ssumed tht it ws not mde expressly for interment, nd my be few yers older thn the tope. We my perhps conjecture tht the reliqury ws the personl property of some prince, nd tht it ws worn by him s receptcle for some venerted object. It my hve been then plced by him during his lifetime, or by others fter his deth, in the stup in which it hs now been discovered fter the lpse of seventeen hundred yers. We seem to trce similr objects suspended from cords cross the shoulders of Kings nd Bodhisttvs (fig. 14) on the contemporry sculptures from the sme district, formerly clled Grseco-Buddliist, but now nmed, fter the district in which they re found, Gndhr sculptures. d 2

32 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Anlogous objects, or else beds of exceptionl size, re lso to be seen on tlie still erlier sculptures from the rilings of the Gret Tope t Blirhut, which probbly dtes from the third century B.C. (fig. 15). In some cses, s the illustrtion will show, prism with the perled borders t the ends is very clerly represented, though the lrge loops for ttchment, which form feture of the reliqury, re not in evidence. We re, therefore, perhps justified in ssuming tht the form ws fmilir in Indi long before the Aliin Posh Tope ws erected, though it my well hve been originlly introduced from the Nerer Est. There re indeed generl considertions which might lmost persude us tht both the form of the reliqury nd the rt in which it is ornmented re of Indin origin. The inlying of rubies nd grnets in gold rings nd other jewels hs lwys been prctised by the goldsmiths of Northern Indi, whence it probbly pssed to Burmh nd Sim, countries where it is eqully populr. And when we remember the trditionl splendour of the Indin princes in the most remote times, their gret welth, nd the unlimited supply of rubies, grnets, nd other precious stones t their commnd, we shll scrcely be inclined to deny tht inlid jewels might well hve been mnufctured further est thn Afghnistn t much erlier dte thn tht, t which the reliqury ws mde. We hve lso to remember tht it ws from Indi, from Asok's kingdom of Mglid, tht the Buddhist missionries crried their fith, nd with it doubtless mny of the rts of the dvnced Gngetic civilistion, into the district of Gndhr two nd hlf centuries before Christ. But such considertions re outweighed not Fig. 15. Detil from the Sculptures of Bhriit. only by wht we lredy know of the erly connection of After Cunninghm. Persi with inlid jewellery, but lso by the teching of history s to the influence of tht country upon Indi. It must not be forgotten tht even before the time of Asok, Persi hd powerfully ffected the rt of the peninsul, nd tht ny wve of influence which ccompnied Buddhism towrds the West my hve been merely reflux to n originl source. Gndhr especilly ws from erly dys under direct western, nd especilly Persin, influence. It ws incorported in the gret empire of Acliemenides, nd the Gndhrioi sent contingent to the rmy of Xerxes. It ws 011 the highwy of commerce between Hither Asi nd Indi, nd the invding host of Alexnder pssed through its territories. On the deth of the Conqueror, it fell to the lot of the Seleucide, who were in llince with the Indin monrchy of Mgdh. Erly in the second century B.C., it ws seized by the Greek princes of Bctri,

33 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. who hd revolted from the Seleucide in 248 E.G., nd who were pushed to the south by the impct of the Scythin tribes. The Greeks mintined their power until 20 B.C., when the Kusn princes, so clled from one brnch of the gret Scythin people, the Yueh-chi or Yueh-ti, estblished their power in the country until in their turn they were driven south by the Hiong-Nu. But through the whole of this period, this prt of Asi never cesed to be permeted by the influence of the western civilistions. The Gndlir sculptures show mny trces of Hellenistic nd Romn influence, nd even the Christinity of the erly Romn Empire is held to hve left its mrk upon them. The testimony of rt nd rcheology in fct revel continuous trend of influence from west to est, nd motives derived from Persin rchitecture my be trced not only in Gndlir, but much further est in the Buddhist ruins of Snchi in Bhopl, nd of Amrvti on the Kistn. But in ddition to the evidence of rt or history, the coinge of the district furnishes bundnt proof of the close connection which lwys existed between Gndlir nd the T\ r est. The coins of the Achemenid kings circulted in the Punjb ; while before 322 B.C. Athenin money hd rrived in the course of commerce nd ws imitted in the locl mints. Coins further show tht Prthin influence on the vrious Scythin dynsties ws continuous, while n Indo-Prthin dynsty reigned in Kndhr nd Seistn, the best known member of which, Grondophres (the first yer of whose reign ws 21 A.D.), hs left n inscription t Tklit-i-Bhi. Coins of the Romn Empire found their wy in gret numbers, not only into the north, but lso into the south of Indi; nd finlly there ws close intercourse between lter Kusn kings nd Sssnin Persi. It will be seen tht of ll the influences exerted on Indi, of which we hve ny record, tht of Persi ws the most immedite nd unbroken. After the extension of the power of the Arskides (Prthins) in the first century B.C., this influence ws especilly strong. It seems probble tht the Prthins, nd not the erly Seleucid monrclis, were the principl crriers of clssicl influences into Gndlir, for it is in their time tht the sculptures rech their highest perfection, 1 ' nd tht Irnin nmes nd divinities re seen upon the coins. But there re other proofs of more concrete nture, which tend to show tht inlying cme into Afghnistn from Irn. In 1870 there ws discovered t Wolfsheim, ner Ο J Myence, gold object, pprently prt of the decortion of girdle (fig 16). E. J. Rpson, Indin Coins, vol. ii. of the Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde (Eucyclopivdi of Indo-Arijn Reserch), 3 nd 4. b J. Burgess, The Gndhdr Sculptures (London, 1899), 6, 7.

34 30 On some points in tlie History of Inlid Jewellery. ornmented by plte-inlying with lmndine grnets in style lmost precisely similr to tht of the reliqury from Aliin Posh. Punched 011 the plin gold bck ws the nme Artschshter (Ardeshir) in Pelilevi chrcters of n erly form, suggesting tht the person referred to cn be 110 other thn the first Sssnin King of tht nme (d. A.D. 238). The importnce of this buckle ws t once recognised, for its form, unlike tht of Teutonic types, confirmed its Persin origin. Its occurrence so very fr wy from the country of its birth is ingeniously explined by Herr von Coliusen, who suggested tht it formed prt of the tresure of Alexnder Severus when he ws ssssinted ner Fig. lf>. Gold girdle-ornment of Sssnin work inlid with grnets. After Von Cohusen. Myence in 235 A.D. It will be remembered tht Severus conducted victorious cmpign ginst Ardeshir, nd it is not unresonble to suppose tht this jewel ws mongst the spoils tken from the vnquished king. As long s no contemporry Orientl monument ws known to exist, it ws still possible to dispute the uthenticity of the girdle-plte by supposing the inscription to hve been plced upon n rticle of Western mnufcture by Persin mercenry in the Romn service. b But it is here tht the importnce of the Ahin Posh reliqury Annlen ties Vereins fur Nssuisclie AUerthumsTcunde und Geschichtsforschung (Wiesbden, 1873), 9 nd plte i, fig. 3. The Wolfsheim ornment is lso figured nd discussed by de Lins, Origines, Ac. i. 5 nd pi. i.; nd Molinier, Histoire des rts, etc. L' Orfevrerie, iy. 15. b Molinier, s bove footnote.

35 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. becomes mnifest. In it we hve n exmple of the sme kind of work, which, from the conditions of its discovery, cnnot possibly hve been influenced by Teutonic rt. Its existence not only renders the Orientl origin of the Wolfsheim jewel unssilble, but lso considerbly strengthens the view of de Lins with regrd to certin prts of the Petross tresure, to which Ave shll shortly hve occsion to refer. It further mkes it extremely probble tht jewellery of similr kind ws mde in Persi before the ccession of the Sssnin dynsty ; for if the dte ssigned to the Ahin Posh Tope is correct, nd inlying ws relly introduced into Gndhr from the Persin side, then it is cler tht Irnin goldsmiths must hve been producing work of this description in Prthin times. Plte-inlying, like cloisonne-inlying, my hve existed in ncient Egypt nd if so it would hve lso crossed the Euphrtes, nd hve been prctised t the Achemenid Empire. Evidence in proof of this my exist which is unfortuntely unknown to me; but from the fcts to which I m limited by my restricted knowledge I do not feel ble to venture more thn guess. There re severl possible conclusions s to the origin of this style of work : tht it strted in Egypt nd ws thence trnsmitted to Mesopotmi nd Persi; tht it originted in Persi; or in Indi; or tht it ws introduced into Indi nd Persi from Centrl Asi. We require more evidence thn tht t present vilble before the question cn be finlly decided. A link must now be sought to bring these Persin jewels into connection with the exmples of plte-inlying mde in brbric Europe, such, for exmple, s the votive crown of the Visigotliic King of Svinthil (fig. 2), to which reference hs lredy been mde. This link is provided by the fmous tresure of Petross, b found in 1837 ner the Wllchin villge of tht nme, nd now preserved, though in sdly mutilted condition, in the Museum t Buchrest. Severl of the objects composing this tresure re inlid with grnets nd other stones, nd in some cses both plte nd cell-inlying re simultneously employed. The plte-inlid objects re three fibul in the shpe of birds, nd lrger ornment, lso in the form of bird, intended to be worn either s pectorl or s See bove. b The bibliogrphy of this tresure is now very lrge. The best ccount is to be found in the lrge work by M. A. Odobesco entitled Le Tresor de Petross, in which the erlier books nd tretises re mentioned. There is monogrph upon it by F. Bock in the Mittheilungen des K.K. Centrl Commission zur Erforschung und Erhltung der Budenlcmle, Sfc. (Vienn, 1868) ; it Avs described for the Arundel Society by R. H. Soden-Smitli in 1869, nd is discussed by Lbrte in his Jlistoire des Arts Induslriels, by de Lins, Origines de VOrfevrerie Cloisonnee nd Orfevrerie Merovingienne, nd Venturi, Stori delv Arte Itlin. ii. off.

36 32 On some points in the History of Inlid Jeirel/ery. decortion for the hed (fig. 17). The heds nd brests of the birds re mde of thin pltes of gold, pierced to receive drop-shped grnets, the lower prts being ornmented with the sme stones set in cells. Tlie tresure contins three other inlid objects of the highest interest, viz. gorget (fig. 18), nd two polygonl vessels with hndles (fig. 2). The first is very elborte exmple of plteinlying, for the lef nd hert-shped pertures intended to contin the stones re very numerous nd close together, so tht the whole in perfect stte would lmost produce the effect of cloisonne work. The polygonl vessels were once the finest exmples of open-work inlying in existence, but the thief who stole nd mutilted the tresure robbed them of most of the crystls nd coloured gems with which they were set. Their originl ppernce ws, however, plced on record soon fter their discovery, nd they hve been reproduced in colours, s they once ppered, by M. Odobesco, tlie principl historin of the tresure. We need not enter here into the discussion to which the peculir fetures of the tresure of Petross hve given rise. All uthorities gree tht the objects of which it is composed must hve been imported into Roumni (prt of the ncient Dci) from Southern Russi, becuse some of them re evidently the products of Mix-liellenic rt, nd could only hve been mde in district like tht in the neighbourhood of the Pontic Settlements of the Euxine littorl, where the trdition of the Fig. i; Inlid gold ornment from Petross. After Odobesco. older Greek goldsmiths' rt still lingered on fter the beginning of the Christin er. But it hs been debted whether the tresure is homogeneous, or whether it is composed of elements drwn from different countries. M. Odobesco is in fvour of unity, nd hs bly set forth the rguments on which his opinion is bsed. He does not deny tht Orientl influence is present, but he Le Tresor de Petross, prt iii. 6.

37 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. thinks tht the tresure ws mde in Europe, possibly by Greek goldsmiths, to the order of the Goths. De Lins nd other more recent writers re inclined to ly rther greter stress on the mnifest Persin nlogies presented by the tresure. They compre the inlid fibuls of Petross with the Wolfsheim girdle-plte, point out tht the open-work vessels of Petross re identicl in style with the dish of Chosroes I. ( ) in the Cbinet des Medilles t Pris, which hs in the centre crystl cmeo in which the Sssnin King is represented, nd of which the Persin origin is beyond dispute. nd For our present purpose the ctul spot in which the tresure of Petross ws mnufctured is only of secondry interest. The importnt point is tht tlie exmples of inlid jewellery which it contins re products of n rt which reched South-estern Europe directly or indirectly from Persi, for, s Ave hve seen, plte-inlying ws prctised in tht country t n erlier dte thn tht ssigned by ny uthorities to the objects found t Petross. This tresure, though prts of it my be erlier, cn hrdly be lter thn the third qurter of the fourth century. At tht time the Huns drove the Goths out of Russi, nd it is held tht the tresure ws crried wy by the fugitives, perhps by their King Athnric, who ultimtely died t Constntinople. However this my Fig. 18. Gold gorget from Petross. From n electrotype in the Victori nd Albert Museum, be, the bird-fibuls supply the requisite South Kensington. link between the Ahin Posh reliqury nd the Wolfsheim girdle-plte on the one hnd, nd the crown of Svinthil on the other. For no one hs disputed tht they belong to the sme rt s the crown ; while their ffinity with the two Asitic objects is eqully impossible to ignore. The chief im of this Pper is now ccomplished, for it hs been shown tht the principl vrieties of inlying met in Southern Russi in the erly centuries of our er, nd their trnsmission to Western Europe by the Goths nd Gepide is so universlly ccepted tht it needs no discussion here. The Goths were thus not the inventors of new style of jewellery, but the dpters nd the e

38 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. crriers of stvle which originted in nother continent long before they left. α ο their Scndinvin home. A few remrks my be dded on the reltion of inlid jewellery to llomn nd Byzntine rt. Its erliest connection with the Romn Empire is still rther obscure. But if it hd been flourishing in Persi severl centuries before Christ, nd in Western Scythi from the beginning of the Christin er, it is obvious tht chnge of tste ir the direction of coloristic effect ws ll tht ws needed to insure its introduction into the Romn provinces. This chnge would in fct pper the moment the Romn lerned to prefer the showy nd brillint to the more solid nd unpretentious ornment of the pst. There seems little reson to doubt tht such chnge hd begun to tke plce s erly s the second century, nd Dr. Riegl in his recent work on lte Romn rt-industry in Austri, 11 is inclined to clim for lte Romn rt, mny of the most striking jewels usully scribed to Gothic workmen. Among these re the often quoted pierced frmes from Petrinecz nd Szilgy-Somlyo/' which enclose medllions of vrious Romn Emperors from the close of the third to the close of the fourth century, nd remrkbly fine gold brooch of the fifth century found t Apliid in Trnsylvni, lie mintins tht there is nothing in the style of inlid jewellery which is inconsistent with the trditions of lte Romn rt, nd tht inlying ws prctised within the bounds of the empire quite independently of Teutonic influence. In his view, e\ r en the crowns of Gurrzr, whether ctully mde by Visigoths or not, show trces of lte Romn or erly Byzntine influence nd descent. I)r. Riegl will probbly develop his views t greter length in the second volume of his book, nd it is therefore premture to discuss opinions which hve not been stted in their finl form. There certinly seems no reson why inlid jewellery should not hve been known in some prts of the empire in quite erly times without ny intervention on the prt of the Goths or other Teutonic peoples, for it is surely possible tht jewels ornmented in this wy might s esily hve penetrted the districts which border on Persi 011 the west, s the countries towrds the Indin frontier 011 the est. Such development, for exmple, would be quite possible towrds Syri, which contined some of the most productive grnet mines in the world. For similr resons it might legitimtely be ssumed tht inlid ornments were mde in Constntinople from the very beginning. For it is known tht skilled crftsmen of ll kinds were A. Riegl, Die Sptromische Kunstindusirie in Oesterreich-Ungrn, nd b Hmpel, s bove, 165: F. von Pulszky, Die Goldfunde von Szilgy Somlyo (Bud-Pesth, 1890).

39 4 0 it some points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. invited to tke up their bode in the new metropolis, nd it cn hrdly be doubted tht rtificers from the northern shores of tlie Euxine, where s we hve seen, inlying ws known long before 330 A.D., viled themselves of the profit nd security which such n invittion implied. I do not know tht ny piece of Byzntine inlid jewellery exists which cn be ttributed to the erly centuries of the new empire ; for perhps few would be now inclined to follow Lbrte nd others who scribed to Byzntine workmen mny of the finest Western Europen pieces such s the Fig. 19. Section of n inlid gold cover for book of the Gospels, presented by Theodelind, Queen of the Lombrds, to the Cthedrl of Monz. After Bock. sword of Cliilderic nd the book-cover (fig. 19), presented by the Lombrd Queen Theodelind to the Cthedrl of Monz. But lthough the fct is impossible to prove, there is nothing inherently improbble in the suggestion tht this kind of jewellery my hve been well known on the Bospliorus before the time of Best reproduced by Bock, Kleinodien des heiligen Romischen Reichs, pi. xxxv. Molinier, L'Orfevrerie, 9. See lso

40 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Justinin. For it seems certin tht similr work continued to be produced in Constntinople fter it hd died out in Western Europe, nd good exmple is still preserved in.tenth century cover of Book of the Gospels now in the tresury of the Cthedrl of Limburg-on-the-Lhn, which is decorted with plques of typicl Byzntine enmel within borders of perls nd inlid stones C -κηττο^ίο^ Fig. 20. Section of Byzntine inlid nd enmelled cover of book of the Gospels t Limburg-on-the-Lhn. After Aus'iri Weerth. (fig. 20), nd bers inscriptions with the nmes of Constntine VII. (Porphyrogenitus) nd Romnus II., thus plcing its dte between 948 nd 959, when these Molinier, s bove, 46-48; Didron, Annles rcheologiques, xvii. 337 ; Aus'm Weertli. Ds SiegesJcreuz des byzntinischen Kisers Konstntinus VII. und Horn nus, plte i. (Bonn, 1866). This book-cover ws brought from the sck of Constntinople in 1204 by Germn knight who gve it to the nunnery of Stuben ner Treves. After the French Revolution it ws tken to Ehrenbreitstein, nd in 1815-becme the property of the Duke of Nssu, who in 1827 presented it to the Cthedrl of Limburg.

41 40itsome points in the History of Inlid Jewellery. two princes were ssocited in tlie empire. It is hrdly likely indeed tht style of ornmenttion which ws prctised in neighbouring countries t so very erly dte should hve been ltogether neglected by the goldsmiths of the metropolis, only to be dopted fter the lpse of 500 yers, when the brbrins of the north were discrding it s something ntiquted nd out of dte. The centrl fct in the history of inlid jewellery is its close connection with Persi, link which seems to hve been lredy recognised in Europe t lest s erly s the seventh century. When Gregory the Gret presented to Adlold, the Lombrd king nd first husbnd of Theodelind, the copy of the Gospels to which llusion hs lredy been mde, he sent with the book letter describing it s enclosed in Persi cover (thec Persic inclusm). Now there seems good reson to think tht this thec Persic is 110 other thn the inlid book cover now t Monz to which reference hs lredy been mde, nd tht it ws so clled becuse inlid work ws commonly ccepted in Europe s n opus Persicum, n rt of Persin introduction; the term would thus be no less nturl or significnt thn our word chin, which points to the Asitic derivtion of the porcelin now mnufctured in every civilised country of the west. In view of the fcts brought forwrd in the course of this Pper there seems nothing fr-fetched 111 such theory. The long ssocition with Persi of the second vriety, which we hve clled plte-inlying is eqully well ttested, nd whether the two styles entered Europe together or t different times, they were united in southern Russi t ny rte s erly s the fourth century A.D. In conclusion, I must express my thnks to the Director of the Victori nd Albert Museum, South Kensington, for severl photogrphs; to Mr. F. G. Ililton- Pi ice for the lon of the block of fig. 1; to Professor Α. II. Church for his kindness in determining the nture of the stones in the Oxus rmlet nd the Aliin Posh reliqury; to M. de Kieseritzky, of the Imperil Museum of the Hermitge, St. Petersburg, for showing me the wonderful collection of Scythin ntiquities under his chrge ; nd to Mr. C. II. Red not only for suggesting the desirbility of some such enquiry s I hve endevoured to pursue, but lso for much vluble ssistnce in the course of the work; indeed the views to which it gives such indequte expression coincide 111 lrge mesure with his own. Nor cn I omit to mention nother debt which is shred by ll rcheologists, nd more especilly by the Members of the Society of Antiquries. The Oxus tresure, which is so importnt for the history of inlying ws originlly purchsed by Sir A. Wollston JVlolinier, s bove, 17. f

42 38 On some pints in the History of Inlid Jewellery. Frnks, K.C.B.,lte President of the Society, nd bequethed by him to tlie ntion in Perhps it is even yet too erly for us to pprecite to the full how gret loss we hve suffered by his deth. His long experience nd remrkble rcheologicl insight enbled him intuitively to grsp tlie importnce of new fcts while others were still scepticl or blind; nd the generous support which lie ccorded to every brnch of his fvourite science will not redily be forgotten by those who hve most sincerely t hert the permnent interests of rcheology. It ws his intention to hve worked out in retirement mny of the problems connected with the collections which he hd brought together during liis long nd useful life, nd we my be sure tht those suggested by the Oxus Tresure would hve been mong the first to receive his ttention. It is our common loss tht his hopes were not destined to be fulfilled, nd tht his deth removed too soon from our midst personlity eqully dmirble for lerning, generosity, nd kindliness of hert.