The Scope of Correctional Control in California

Transcription

1 The UC Irvine Center for Evidence-Bsed Corrections is funded by the Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion (CDCR) for the purpose of providing informtion to ssist corrections officils in mking policy decisions bsed on scientific evidence. Jon Petersili, Ph.D., Director n Susn Turner, Ph.D., Associte Director the BULLETIN SEPTEMBER 2006 Volume 2 Issue 1 The Scope of Correctionl Control in Cliforni Jeffrey Lin, PhD Postdoctorl Scholr, University of Cliforni, Irvine, Center for Evidence-Bsed Corrections Jesse Jnnett, MPP Reserch Specilist, University of Cliforni, Irvine, Center for Evidence-Bsed Corrections How mny people re under correctionl control in Cliforni? Tht is, on ny given dy, how mny dults (18 nd older) re held in dult county jils nd stte prisons, or supervised in the community on dult probtion or prole? How mny young people (ges 12-25) re held in county juvenile detention nd stte juvenile plcement fcilities, or supervised in the community on juvenile probtion nd prole? According to the federl Bureu of Justice Sttistics (BJS), in 2004, Cliforni hd the lrgest dult prolee popultion in the United Sttes, the second lrgest probtioner popultion fter Texs (Glze nd Pll 2005), nd the third lrgest prisoner popultion fter the federl system nd Texs (Hrrison nd Beck 2005). 1,2 However, Cliforni is lso the most populous stte in the country. The U.S. Census Bureu reports tht in 2004, there were 35.8 million Cliforni residents, with 26 million Clifornins ges 18 or older, nd 7.2 million Clifornins between the ges of 12 nd 25 (the ges of jurisdiction for the stte juvenile justice system). Given differences in stte popultions, more pproprite question to sk is: How do Cliforni s rtes of correctionl control compre to ntionl verges? This reserch bulletin presents one-dy stnding counts of Clifornins under correctionl control on December 31, 2004, 3 nd where possible, compres rtes of control to those found in other sttes. The bulletin considers dult correctionl control (consisting of dult prison, dult prole, jil nd dult probtion popultions) nd juvenile correctionl control (consisting of stte Division of Juvenile Justice institution nd prole, county juvenile detention nd juvenile probtion popultions) seprtely, nd lso notes gender, rcil nd ethnic differences in correctionl control rtes. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide descriptive overview of the Cliforni popultion over which some form of control is exercised by stte or locl criminl justice gency, nd situte this informtion in ntionl context. It serves s n extension to dt reported nnully by the Bureu of Justice Sttistics on the prevlence of forms of correctionl control, providing dditionl detil for Cliforni. Policymkers will be interested in this bulletin s bckground in crfting criminl justice policies. It will lso be useful to reserchers seeking to inform their work round issues of crime, justice nd punishment. Highlights n On December 31, 2004, there were 813,586 people under correctionl control in Cliforni, or 2.2% of ll Cliforni residents. Those under correctionl control included people incrcerted in prison, jil or juvenile detention fcilities, or under youth or dult prole or probtion supervision. n At yer-end 2004, 725,085 people, or 2.8% of Clifornins over the ge of 18, were under some form of dult correctionl control. n Cliforni s juvenile justice system supervised more thn 88,000 people between the ges of 12 nd 25 t yer-end 2004 roughly 1.2% of ll Clifornins in this ge group. n Cliforni s rte of prison use is slightly higher thn the ntionl verge, its use of jil slightly lower, nd its use of dult probtion substntilly lower. Only Cliforni s use of dult prole is significntly higher thn the ntionl verge. The nlyses presented in this bulletin show tht with the exception of prole supervision, Cliforni s dult correctionl control rtes re not unusully high reltive to those in other sttes. n There re considerble gender differences in Cliforni s incrcertion rtes. Cliforni men re lmost 15 times s likely s women to be incrcerted in n dult prison, nd over seven

2 Sttus Totl Popultion Rte per 100,000 dult residents Prisoners 163, % Jil Inmtes 76, % Prolees 133, % Probtioners 347,442 1, % Other b 4, % Totl 725,085 2, % Percentge of dult residents The number of Cliforni residents 18 nd over in 2004 ws clculted by pplying the 2000 U.S. Census percentge of Clifornins ge 18 nd over to the 2004 U.S. Census estimted Cliforni popultion. b This figure includes prisoners out to court, escped, nd federl inmtes under stte correctionl jurisdiction. Tble 1: Adult Correctionl Control in Cliforni, December 31, 2004 times s likely to be incrcerted in n dult jil. Young mles in Cliforni re five times s likely s young women to be in juvenile detention fcility nd lmost fifteen times s likely to be under the control of the Division of Juvenile Justice. n There re lso substntil differences in the incrcertion rtes of rcil nd ethnic groups in Cliforni. Compred to white Clifornins, blck Clifornins re more thn eight times s likely to be incrcerted in n dult prison, nd lmost seven times s likely to be incrcerted in n dult jil. Hispnic Clifornins re bout twice s likely to be in prison or jil, compred to whites. Adult Correctionl Control At yer-end 2004, 725,085 Clifornins were under some form of dult correctionl control, mounting to 2,782 out of every 100,000 Cliforni residents ges 18 nd older (2.8%; see Tble 1). 4 The most common form of dult correctionl control ws probtion, nd the lest common form ws jil. 5 On December 31, 2004, 922 out of every 100,000 Cliforni dults were incrcerted in prisons nd jils, nerly one percent of dult Clifornins ged 18 or older. Prison The Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion (CDCR) is responsible for felons over the ge of 18 who re sentenced to prison. 6 At yerend 2004, CDCR housed 163,939 inmtes, or 20.2% of ll Clifornins under correctionl control (see Tble 1 nd Figure 1). 7 As shown in Tble 1, 629 out of every 100,000 Cliforni dults (0.6%) were in prison on this dte. Jil At yer-end 2004, 76,462 Clifornins were in jil, or 293 out of every 100,000 Cliforni dults (0.3%), nd 9.4% of ll Clifornins subject to correctionl control. Jils, run by the county sheriff or occsionlly by municipl police deprtments, house both convicted offenders serving sentences of less thn one yer nd individuls witing tril or sentencing. Two-thirds of inmtes in Cliforni jils t the end of 2004 hd not been sentenced. (Cliforni Bord of Corrections 2005). The jil popultion on December 31, 2004 ws much lower thn the prison popultion on the sme dy, but the nnul jil popultion ws higher thn the nnul prison popultion. The jil popultion turns over much more quickly thn the prison popultion; the verge jil sty is 22 dys (Cliforni Bord of Corrections 2005), the verge prison sentence is 25 months (Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion 2005). 8 Prole In Cliforni, nerly every offender relesed from prison must serve term of prole, 9 period of community-bsed supervision dministered by the CDCR. Prole terms re typiclly one to three yers, except for violent offenders, who re given five yer prole terms (Petersili 2006). There were 133,096 dult prolees in Cliforni t the end of 2004, mounting to 511 out of every 100,000 dult Clifornins (0.5%), nd 16.4% of ll Clifornins under correctionl control. Prolees re ccountble to prole gent for their dherence to conditions of prole, such s obtining employment, bstining from drug nd lcohol use, nd voiding ssocition with other felons. Filure to comply with these conditions my result in return to prison. The Cliforni prolee totl lso includes Prolees t Lrge (PALs), prolees who hve bsconded from supervision. On December 31, 2004, there were 19,328 prolees with PAL sttus (14.5% of ll prolees). Probtion At the end of 2004, 347,442 Clifornins were on probtion, or 1,333 out of every 100,000 Cliforni dults (1.3%), nd 42.7% of ll Clifornins subject to correctionl control. Ech county dministers

3 400,000 Persons Under Correctionl Control 350, , , , , ,000 50,000 76, , , ,442 67,864 0 Jil Prole Prison Adult Probtion Adult Correctionl Control 4,146 Other 13,079 Juvenile County Detention Juvenile Probtion 3,557 4,001 DJJ Institution Juvenile Correctionl Control DJJ Prole Figure 1. Persons Under Correctionl Control in Cliforni by Type on December 31, 2004 The juvenile probtion totl is prtilly estimted. See methodology section for detils. probtion, which is community-bsed snction. Probtion cn be given in lieu of incrcertion, or cn be served subsequent to jil term. Probtion officers re responsible for holding offenders ccountble for dherence to the terms of probtion, much like prole gents. Probtioners who violte their terms of probtion my be sent to jil or prison. In prctice, the degree of control exercised over probtioners vries gretly, depending on fctors such s cselod size nd the existence of specilized probtion cselods with intensive supervision. Cliforni Adult Correctionl Control in Ntionl Context In 2004, s mentioned previously, Cliforni hd the lrgest prolee popultion in the United Sttes, the second lrgest probtioner popultion fter Texs (Glze nd Pll 2005), nd the third lrgest prisoner popultion, fter the federl system nd Texs (Hrrison nd Beck 2005). 10 However, Cliforni s overll rte of dult correctionl control fell below the ntionl verge. Of every 100,000 dult Cliforni residents, 2,766 were in prison, in jil, on probtion or on prole (2.8%); the ntionl verge ws 3,117 (3.1%). See Tble 2 below. As Tble 2 indictes: n Cliforni hd 629 prisoners per every 100,000 dult residents, slightly higher thn the ntionl verge of 603 prisoners per 100,000 dult residents, nd slightly lower thn the verge Sttus CA rte per 100,000 dult residents All sttes rte per 100,000 dult residents Prisoners Jil Inmtes c NA d Prolees Probtioners 1,333 1,885 1,817 Lrge sttes rte per 100,000 dult residents b Totl 2,766 3,117 Cnnot clculte All non-cliforni rtes were clculted from Bureu of Justice Sttistics nd U.S. Census dt. b Included sttes were Florid, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvni nd Texs. c The ntionl jil rte ws reported by the Bureu of Justice Sttistics for mid-yer d Relible stte-level jil rtes were not vilble. Tble 2: Cliforni Adult Correctionl Control Rtes in Ntionl Context December 31,

4 Sttus Totl Popultion Rte per 100,000 Cliforni residents ges DJJ institution inmtes 3, % DJJ prolees 4, % Juvenile county detention inmtes 13, % Juvenile probtioners 67, % Totl 88,501 1, % Percentge of Cliforni residents ges The Cliforni popultion ged ws estimted by pplying the 2000 U.S. Census estimte of Clifornins flling into tht ge brcket (20.2%) to the 2004 U.S. Census totl Cliforni popultion figure. Tble 3: Juveniles Under Correctionl Control in Cliforni, December 31, mong the next five most populous sttes of 640 prisoners per every 100,000 dult residents. n Cliforni hd 293 jil inmtes per 100,000 dult residents, compred to 327 per 100,000 dult residents ntionlly. n Cliforni s rte of probtion supervision of 1,333 per 100,000 ws much lower thn the ntionl verge (1,885 per 100,000) nd the lrge sttes verge (1,817 per 100,000), while its rte of prole supervision ws higher thn both. About 511 dult Clifornins were on prole per 100,000 dult residents, compred to 302 out of 100,000 ntionlly, nd 434 prolees per 100,000 mong other lrge sttes. n Totling Cliforni s prison, probtion nd prole rtes, without jil, we find tht Cliforni s rte of snctioning t yer-end 2004 (2,473 per 100,000 dult residents) fell below the lrge sttes verge of 2,891 per 100,000. Averge rtes of correctionl control cross sttes msk significnt differences in the mix of types of correctionl control within individul sttes. A comprison of the rtes of prison, dult prole nd dult probtion in Cliforni nd the next five lrgest sttes in Figure 2 illustrtes this phenomenon. In 2004, Texs used ll three forms of correctionl control t higher rte thn Cliforni, nd New York used ll three t lower rte. Florid used probtion supervision more thn Cliforni, prison t nerly the sme rte, nd brely used prole supervision. Pennsylvni, by contrst, used prison t the lowest rte of ny stte, while using prole t the highest. Cliforni s overll rte of dult correctionl control does not pper to be out of step with ntionl or lrge stte rtes. In fct, on verge in 2004, Cliforni hd lower rte of dult correctionl supervision thn other sttes. 11 The prevlence of prisoners ws slightly higher, nd the prevlence of jil inmtes slightly lower, thn ntionl verges. Cliforni is unusul in the extent to which it utilizes probtion nd prole. In 2004, it utilized probtion t lower rte thn the ntionl verge (but more thn New York) nd prole t higher rte thn the ntionl verge (but less thn Texs nd Pennsylvni.) Petersili (2006) explins how unusul fetures of Cliforni s prole system led to high prole popultions nd long prole terms. Becuse nerly everyone relesed from prison in Cliforni is put on prole, nd prole revoction rtes re very high, offenders tend to cycle between prison stys nd prole supervision over long periods of time process tht some hve clled churning. The phenomenon of churning highlights n importnt distinction in the nlyticl pproch of this brief. We re principlly concerned with one-dy counts of offenders in the Cliforni correctionl system, but exmining offender movements my revel different story, s such nlyses cn ccount for the effects of shorter nd longer periods of correctionl supervision. For exmple, investigting the prole churning process, or the reltive lengths of sty in prisons nd jils, will tell us more thn stnding counts bout the dynmics of correctionl supervision in Cliforni. A future reserch bulletin will ddress this issue. Juvenile Correctionl Control Like dults, young offenders in Cliforni my be supervised by stte or locl criminl justice gencies. The stte s Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) incrcertes the most serious young offenders in its fcilities, nd supervises those who re proled from those fcilities. Counties run locl detention hlls nd cmps, which hold young people who re sentenced to short terms of custody, those who re detined prior to djudiction nd sentencing, 12 nd those who violte terms of probtion. Counties lso supervise young offenders who re sentenced to probtion. At yer-end 2004, 88,501 young people, or 1,222 out of every 100,000 Cliforni residents between the ges of 12 nd 25, were under some form of juvenile correctionl control (1.2%; see Tble 3). It is criticl to note tht juvenile correctionl control refers to control exercised by stte nd locl juvenile justice gencies, regrdless of whether the individu-

5 Florid Illinois Probtion Prole Prison Pennsylvni New York Texs Cliforni Prevlence per 100,000 dults Figure 2. Distribution of Adult Correctionl Control in Lrge Sttes December 31, 2004 All non-cliforni rtes were clculted from 2004 Bureu of Justice Sttistics nd 2004 U.S. Census dt. ls under supervision re leglly dults. Mny of the individuls under juvenile correctionl control in Cliforni re over the ge of 18. At yer-end 2004, 76.2% of wrds in DJJ institutions were 18 or older, s were 97.8% of DJJ prolees. In ddition, 11.9% of inmtes in county juvenile detention fcilities were 18 nd over. Age brekdowns for juvenile probtioners were not vilble. Juvenile probtion ws by fr the most common form of supervision, ccounting for 76.7% of individuls under juvenile correctionl control. Fifteen percent were held in juvenile detention fcilities operted by the counties, nd 8.5% were under the control of the DJJ, split roughly evenly between incrcerted nd prolee sttus. At yer-end 2004, DJJ mnged 3,557 youths incrcerted in stte juvenile institutions, s well s 4,001 who hd been proled from these institutions (see Tble 3). At the sme time, Cliforni counties housed 13,079 young people in juvenile detention fcilities, nd supervised 67,864 on juvenile probtion. 13 Sttes differ considerbly in the structure of their juvenile correctionl control mechnisms, nd in the ge nd other eligibility requirements for being plced under juvenile correctionl control. Due to the difficulties in generting meningful comprisons, we did not ttempt n nlysis of juvenile correctionl control cross sttes. Correctionl Control by Gender, Rce nd Ethnicity The prevlence of correctionl control vries widely by gender nd by rce nd ethnicity. In Cliforni t yer-end 2004, mles were five times s likely s femles to be in juvenile detention, over seven times s likely to be in n dult jil, lmost nine times s likely to be on dult prole, nd nerly 15 times s likely to be under DJJ control or in n dult prison. 14 As Tble 4 shows, mles were substntilly more likely thn femles to be under ll forms of correctionl control in Cliforni, but these gender differences do not pper to be out of step with ntionl Prisoners per 100,000 dults (within gender) Prolees per 100,000 dults (within gender) Jil inmtes per 100,000 dults (within gender) Juvenile county detention rte per 100,000 ge (within gender) Mle 1, Femle The DJJ control rte includes both institutionl nd prole popultions. DJJ control rte per 100,000 persons ge (within gender) Tble 4: Prevlence of Cliforni Correctionl Control by Gender, December 31,

6 Tble 5: Cliforni Adult Correctionl Control by Gender in Ntionl Context, rtes. Tble 5 bove compres gender differences in Cliforni dult corrections to ntionl verges. The rtio of mle to femle prisoners in Cliforni is very close to the ntionl rtio (14.9:1 nd 14.1:1, respectively), s is the rtio of mle to femle jil inmtes (7.3:1 nd 7.6:1, respectively). The rtio of mle to femle prolees in Cliforni (8.7:1) is slightly higher thn the ntionl rtio (7.8:1). Rcil nd ethnic groups experience very different rtes of correctionl control in Cliforni s well. At yer-end 2004, blck Clifornins were lmost seven times s likely to be in jil or on dult prole s whites, over eight times s likely to be in prison, nd ten times s likely to be subject to DJJ control s whites. Hispnics were pproximtely twice s likely s whites to be in n dult prison, jil, or on dult prole, nd they were bout three times s likely to be subject to DJJ control. See Tble 6 nd Figure 3. Adult nd juvenile probtion nd juvenile detention figures were not reported by rcil/ethnic ctegories. In ddition to rcil nd ethnic differences in rtes of correctionl control, the bsolute numbers re themselves striking, prticulrly for blck Cliforni Prisoners US Averge Cliforni Mle prisoners per 100,000 men 1,189 1,159 Femle prisoners per 100,000 women Mle prolees per 100,000 men Femle prolees per 100,000 women Mle jil inmtes per 100,000 men Femle jil inmtes per 100,000 women Cliforni Prolees United Sttes United Sttes rtes were clculted from Bureu of Justice Sttistics nd U.S. Census dt. US Averge Cliforni Clifornins. At the end of 2004, fully 3% of blck dults in Cliforni were in prison (i.e., 3,048 out of 100,000), lmost 2% were on prole, nd 1% ws in jil. Adding these percentges together, roughly 6% of blck Clifornins were incrcerted or on prole t yer-end In comprison, only 1.7% of Hispnic dults nd 0.8% of white dults were incrcerted or on prole on this dte. Blck nd Hispnic dults re disproportiontely represented in the Cliforni correctionl system reltive to their shre of the overll popultion, but Cliforni is not unique in this regrd. Tble 7 on the next pge compres Cliforni s rtes of correctionl control, by rce nd ethnicity, to ntionl rtes. Figure 3 illustrtes these comprisons grphiclly. At yer-end 2004, blck Clifornins were 8.3 times s likely s white Clifornins to be in prison, while the ntionl rtio ws 7.6 to 1. Similrly, the rtio of blck dult Clifornins to white dult Clifornins on prole ws 6.6 to 1; the ntionl rtio ws very similr t 6.5 to 1. The rtio of blck dult Clifornins to white dult Clifornins in jil ws 6.6 to 1, while the ntionl rtio ws 5.5 to 1. In sum, differences between blck nd white rtes of dult correctionl control in Cliforni were slightly greter thn the ntionl rtes. Hispnic dults in Clifornin were under correctionl supervision t higher rtes thn white dult Clifornins, but gin, these ptterns were not unusul reltive to ntionl verges. At yer-end 2004, dult Hispnics in Cliforni were twice s likely to be in prison s dult whites, but ntionlly, dult Hispnics were over three times s likely to be in prison. The rtio of dult Hispnic to white prolees in Cliforni ws 1.9 to 1; the ntionl rtio ws 2.5 to Whites Blcks Hispnics Jil Inmtes US Averge 1. Finlly, the rtio of dult Hispnic to white jil inmtes in Cliforni ws 2.2 to 1; the ntionl rtio ws 1.9 to 1. Differences between Hispnic nd white rtes of dult correctionl control in Cliforni were ctully slightly less pronounced thn the ntionl rtes. 6 Figure 3. Prisoners, prolees nd jil inmtes per 100,000 dults in 2004, by rce nd ethnicity

7 Prisoners per 100,000 dults (within rcil/ ethnic group) Prolees per 100,000 dults (within rcil/ ethnic group) Methodology This nlysis ws conducted using publicly vilble informtion from the stte of Cliforni nd the federl government. Rce, ethnicity, gender nd ge sub-groups of the Cliforni nd other stte popultions were clculted by pplying relevnt percentges from the 2000 U.S. Census to the Census Bureu s estimted Cliforni popultion on July 31, Adult prevlence rtes were clculted by dividing the number of individuls under form of correctionl control by the Census estimte of the Cliforni resident popultion over the ge of 18. Juvenile prevlence rtes were clculted by dividing the number of individuls under form of juvenile correctionl control by the Census estimte of the Cliforni resident popultion between the ges of 12 nd 25. Prison nd Prole All prison nd prole dt were bstrcted from the Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion s Cliforni Prisoners nd Prolees Correctionl nd prolee popultion figures were totl numbers s of December 31, Prison sub-popultion figures, such s rce brekdowns, were reported s verge dily popultion figures for the yer. We pplied the rcil proportions within the 2004 verge dily popultions to the December 31, 2004 totl popultion. Jil rte per 100,000 dults (within rcil/ ethnic group) b White Blck 3,048 1,854 1, Hispnic Other Tble 6: Prevlence of Cliforni Correctionl Control by Rce nd Ethnicity DJJ control rte per 100,000 persons ge (within rcil/ethnic group) c CDCR reports rcil/ethnic composition of the ctive prolee popultion only. Individuls on Prolee t Lrge (PAL) re not included. b The rcil/ethnic composition of the jil popultion ws not reported. We utilized the 2001 rcil/ethnic composition dt for the Cliforni jil popultion reported in the Bureu of Justice Sttistics Annul Survey of Jils, nd ssumed tht rcil/ethnic proportions of the jil popultion were the sme in c Includes both institutionl nd prole popultions. Center in the Cliforni Attorney Generl s Office. Figures were stnding numbers on December 31, Division of Juvenile Justice All DJJ dt were bstrcted from the Division of Juvenile Justice 15 Qurterly Chrcteristics Report for the 4th qurter of Figures were stnding numbers on December 31, Juvenile Detention All juvenile detention dt re tken from the Corrections Stndrds Authority s 16 Juvenile Detention Profile Survey, Fourth Qurter, Figures represent the verge dily popultion for the 4th qurter. Juvenile Probtion All juvenile probtion dt re from the Criminl Justice Sttistics Center, Cliforni Attorney Generl s Office. Figures for 52 out of 58 counties were stnding numbers on December 31, Juvenile probtioner counts for Ventur nd Riverside counties were tken from 2003 reports. Figures for Del Norte, Plums, Sn Joquin nd Sierr counties Cliforni White prisoners per 100,000 white dults Blck prisoners per 100,000 blck dults 3,048 2,484 Hispnic prisoners per 100,000 Hispnic dults 751 1,038 United Sttes Jil Jil dt were bstrcted from the Cliforni Bord of Corrections Jil Profile Survey for the 4th qurter of Numbers represent the verge dily popultion for the 4th qurter. Adult Probtion Adult probtion dt were obtined from the Criminl Justice Sttistics White prolees per 100,000 white dults Blck prolees per 100,000 blck dults 1,854 1,179 Hispnic prolees per 100,000 Hispnic dults White jil inmtes per 100,000 white dults Blck jil inmtes per 100,000 blck dults 1,131 1,172 Hispnic jil inmtes per 100,000 Hispnic dults United Sttes rtes were clculted from Bureu of Justice Sttistics nd U.S. Census dt. Tble 7: Cliforni Adult Correctionl Control by Rce in Ntionl Context,

8 were estimted by pplying juvenile probtioner rtes per 100,000 for ll other counties to the 2004 reported U.S. Census popultion for these counties. References Cliforni Bord of Corrections (2005). Jil Profile Survey: Annul Report Scrmento: Cliforni Bord of Corrections. Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion (2005). Cliforni Prisoners nd Prolees Scrmento: Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion. Glze, Luren, nd Seri Pll (2005). Probtion nd Prole in the United Sttes, Wshington, DC: U.S. Deprtment of Justice, Bureu of Justice Sttistics. Hrrison, Pige, nd Allen Beck (2005). Prisoners in Wshington, DC: U.S. Deprtment of Justice, Bureu of Justice Sttistics. Hrrison, Pige nd Allen Beck (2005b). Prison nd Jil Inmtes t Midyer Wshington, DC: U.S. Deprtment of Justice, Bureu of Justice Sttistics. Lynch, Jmes (2002). Crime in Interntionl Perspective, in Wilson, J.Q. nd Petersili, J. (Eds), Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control, Institute for Contemporry Studies Press, Oklnd, CA, Petersili, Jon (2006). Understnding Cliforni Corrections. Berkeley, CA: Cliforni Policy Reserch Center. Snyder, Howrd N., nd Meliss Sickmund (2006). Juvenile Offenders nd Victims: 2006 Ntionl Report. Wshington, DC: U.S. Deprtment of Justice, Office of Justice Progrms, Office of Juvenile Justice nd Delinquency Prevention. 1 Stte-level jil sttistics re unvilble. However, in 2004, Los Angeles County reported the lrgest verge dily jil popultion mong ll Americn counties. Of the twenty counties ntionwide with the lrgest verge dily jil popultions, seven were in Cliforni (Hrrison nd Beck 2005b). 2 Stte-level juvenile correctionl control sttistics re lso unvilble for However, the federl Office of Juvenile Justice nd Delinquency Prevention reports tht in 2003, Cliforni hd more juveniles in custody (16,782) thn ny other stte (Snyder nd Sickmund 2006). 3 We selected yer-end 2004 s our mesurement point becuse most Cliforni correctionl gencies hve relesed popultion reports for this point in time, but hve not yet reported their 2005 popultions. 4 Some people under correctionl control in Cliforni re undocumented immigrnts. For the most prt, the number of undocumented immigrnts under correctionl control is unknown, lthough the Cliforni Bord of Corrections (2005) reports tht 11% of its inmtes re undocumented immigrnts. Therefore, undocumented immigrnts re included in correctionl gency counts (the rte numertor), but re not included in Census popultion estimtes (the rte denomintor). Unfortuntely, it is impossible to count the exct number of undocumented immigrnts in Cliforni. We cn only sy tht if this number were known nd included in our clcultions, the reported rtes of correctionl control would decrese by some mount. 5 It is importnt to keep in mind tht these sttistics re one dy stnding counts. They do not ccount for the totl number of offenders who fll under ech snction ech yer. For exmple, on ny given dy, Cliforni prisons house mny more offenders thn Cliforni jils. But becuse jil stys, on verge, re substntilly shorter thn prison stys, more Clifornins spend time in jils ech yer thn in prison. 6 The Cliforni Division of Juvenile Justice lso houses some young offenders who re between the ges of 18 nd The number of prisoners now held in CDCR fcilities is 171,121 (CDCR weekly popultion report, September 5, 2006.) WeeklyWed/TPOP1A/TPOP1Ad pdf. 8 Twenty-five months is the verge length of sty in prison for first releses to prole in Cliforni. 9 In 2004, 4,125 inmtes were dischrged from Cliforni prisons without prole supervision, ginst 120,598 offenders relesed to prole supervision. (Cliforni Deprtment of Corrections nd Rehbilittion 2005) 10 Agin, stte-level jil sttistics re unvilble. However, in 2004, Los Angeles County reported the lrgest verge dily jil popultion mong ll Americn counties. Of the twenty counties ntionwide with the lrgest verge dily jil popultions, seven were in Cliforni (Hrrison nd Beck 2005b). 11 While Cliforni is not nomlous compred to other U.S. sttes, it is importnt to note tht, s whole, the U.S. hs much higher rtes of control thn other industrilized democrcies (see, for exmple, Lynch 2002). 12 At the end of 2004, 41.5% of Cliforni s juvenile detinees hd not been sentenced. 13 Sixty-six percent of juvenile probtioners re subject to wrdship probtion, by which juvenile becomes wrd of the court throughout the durtion of their term of probtion supervision. Sixteen percent re subject to informl probtion, by which youthful offender is not wrd of the court, but insted supervised by probtion officer under contrctul greement with the minor s prent or gurdin, for period not to exceed six months. Five percent re subject to non-wrd probtion, which is similr to informl probtion, but without the contrctul greement. Nine percent hve diversion sttus, mening tht probtion mintins responsibility for the minor, but hs referred or delivered tht minor to contrcted provider of diversion services, in lieu of ctive probtion supervision. Four percent hve deferred entry of judgment sttus, through which juvenile wrd receives supervision much like forml wrd, but will hve the cse ginst him or her dismissed fter one yer if there is no violtion of probtion ctivity. 14 Cliforni dult nd juvenile probtion figures re not vilble by gender. 15 This report ws published by the Cliforni Youth Authority, which ws renmed the Division of Juvenile Justice in This report ws published by the Cliforni Bord of Corrections, which ws renmed the Corrections Stndrds Authority in For more informtion, or to contct the Center, visit