Trends in State Parole,

Transcription

1 U.S. Deprtment of Justice Office of Justice Progrms Bureu of Justice Sttistics Specil Report By Timothy A. Hughes Doris Jmes Wilson nd Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. BJS Sttisticins By the end of 2000, 16 Sttes hd olished discretionry relese from prison y prole ord for ll offenders. Another four Sttes hd olished discretionry prole for certin violent offenses or other crimes ginst person. As result of the movement wy from relese y prole ords (discretionry prole), relese determined y sttute (mndtory prole) ecme the most common method of relese from Stte prison. After 1990 mndtory prole incresed from 29% of releses to 41% in, while discretionry prole decresed from 39% to 24%. Despite chnges in relese policies, 652,199 dults were under Stte prole supervision t yerend 2000, more thn 3-fold increse since 1980, when 196,786 dults were on prole. Aout 312 dults per 100,000 dult U.S. residents were under prole supervision in 2000, compred to 121 in 1980 nd 271 in While the verge nnul rte of growth in Stte prole from 1980 to 2000 ws 6.2%, the lrgest increse occurred etween 1980 nd 1992, when the numer of dults on prole grew 10% nnully. After 1992 growth in the numer of dults on Stte prole slowed, incresing t n verge nnul rte of 0.7%. This report focuses on trends in the Stte prole popultion fter 1990, the effect of sentencing policies on community relese, nd the implictions for success or filure of offenders under community supervision. Stte prole popultion hs remined stle since 1992 Numer of prolees 700,000 Yerend 600,000 popultion 500, , , , ,000 Percent of releses from Stte prison 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Discretionry prole Mndtory prole Annul entries % Expirtion of sentence 0% Percent of prole dischrges successfully completing supervision 70% Discretionry prolees 60% 50% All prolees 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1983 After more thn decde of rpid growth, the numer of dults under Stte prole supervision hs nerly stilized incresing y 33,510 (0.7% per yer) since Since 1990 mndtory prole releses hve incresed, while discretionry releses hve decresed 1985 Mndtory prolees Octoer 2001, NCJ Trends in Stte Prole, Highlights During the 1980 s, entries to Stte prole supervision tripled, growing from round 113,000 to 349,000 in During the 1990 s, prole entries continued to rise (up 2.4% per yer), ut were offset y n increse in prole dischrges (up 4.6% yer). Between 1990 nd, the numer of discretionry prole releses from prison dropped (from 159,731 to 128,708), while the numer of mndtory prole releses nerly douled (from 116,857 to 223,342). In nerly 100,000 inmtes relesed from Stte prisons served their entire prison term (18%), up from 51,288 (13%) in % of prole dischrges in successfully completed supervision Among Stte prole dischrges in, over hlf of discretionry prolees successfully completed their term of supervision, compred to third of mndtory prolees. Success rtes were higher mong prole dischrges who were first prison releses (63%), ge 55 or older (54%), nd femle (48%), thn mong those who were re-releses (21%), under ge 25 (36%), nd mle (39%).

2 generlly prole provides Tle 1. Numer of persons in Stte prison nd on prole, yerend 1980, 1985, nd Yer Percent chnge, Numer 305, , , , , , ,668 1,025,624 1,076,375 1,127,686 1,176,055 1,228,455 1,236,476 Averge nnul chnge, Stte prisoners Percent chnge 6.4% % 74.5% 8.8% 5.7% Stte prolees Numer 196, , , , , , , , , , , , ,199 Percent chnge 13.3% % 29.9% 9.8% 2.6% Note: Counts re for Decemer 31 of ech yer nd my hve een revised sed on the most recently reported counts. Bsed on prisoners under the jurisdiction of Stte correctionl uthorities. Adult Stte prolees only. Prole defined Prole period of conditionl supervised relese following prison term. Prisoners my e relesed to prole either y prole ord decision (discretionry prole) or ccording to provisions of sttute (mndtory prole). Discretionry prole ords hve discretionry uthority to conditionlly relese prisoners sed on sttutory or dministrtive determintion of eligiility. Mndtory prole occurs in jurisdictions using determinte sentencing sttutes. Inmtes re conditionlly relesed from prison fter serving portion of their originl sentence minus ny good time erned. Dt sources Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm (NCRP) collects individul inmte records for prison dmissions nd releses nd prole dmissions nd dischrges. Annul Prole Survey (APS) count of the totl numer of persons under prole supervision on Jnury 1 nd Decemer 31, nd count of the numer entering nd leving supervision during ech yer. Ntionl Prisoner Sttistics (NPS-1) provides yerend jurisdiction-level dt on the numer of prisoners in Stte nd Federl correctionl fcilities nd the numer of prole violtors returned to prison during ech yer. Survey of Inmtes in Stte Adult Correctionl Fcilities provides self-reported dt on individul chrcteristics of Stte inmtes dmitted to prison while under prole supervision nd on chrcteristics of soon to e relesed inmtes. Sttes hve reduced the discretion of prole ords in determining prison relese From 1990 to 2000, the Stte prole popultion grew t slower rte thn the Stte prison popultion. During this period, prolees incresed 30%, compred to 75% increse for Stte prisoners (tle 1). On verge, the prole popultion incresed 2.6% per yer, while the prison popultion rose 5.7% per yer. The low rte of growth in prole supervision reflects chnges in sentencing nd prole relese policies tht hve resulted in incresing lengths of sty in prison nd declining prison relese rtes. (See Prisoners in, August 2000, NCJ ) Historiclly, most Stte inmtes were relesed to prole supervision fter serving portion of n indeterminte sentence sed on prole ord decision. (See ox on this pge for definitions.) In 1977, 69% of offenders relesed from Stte prison were relesed y prole ord. In 44 Sttes nd the District of Columi, prole ords were responsile for the mjority of prison releses. In other Sttes most inmtes were relesed through expirtion of sentence (Louisin, Missouri, nd Wyoming), to protion (Idho), or to mndtory prole (Alsk nd Arizon). Sttes egn moving wy from discretionry relese policies in the 1980 s in fvor of determinte sentences nd mndtory supervised relese. By 1989 eight Sttes hd olished discretionry prole. In 20 Sttes the mjority of prison releses were through expirtion of sentence or mndtory prole relese. As percentge of ll Stte prison releses, discretionry prole releses decresed from 55% in 1980 to 38% in 1989, while mndtory prole releses incresed from 19% to 30%. Continuing the shift wy from relese y prole ord, n dditionl eight Sttes olished discretionry prole in the 1990 s. Most of the remining Sttes further restricted prole y setting specific stndrds offenders must meet to e eligile for relese. Sttes tht hve olished discretionry prole, 2000 All offenders Certin violent offenders Arizon Minnesot Alsk Cliforni Mississippi Louisin Delwre North Crolin New York Florid Ohio d Tennessee Illinois Oregon Indin Virgini Knss c Wshington Mine Wisconsin In 1976 the Uniform Determinte Sentencing Act olished discretionry prole for ll offenses except some violent crimes with long sentence or sentence to life. In 1995 prole eligiility ws olished for offenses with life sentence nd 25-yer mndtory term. c Excludes few offenses, primrily 1st-degree murder nd intentionl 2nd-degree murder. d Excludes murder nd ggrvted murder. 2 Trends in Stte Prole,

3 By yerend 2000, 29 Sttes nd the District of Columi hd dopted the Federl truth-in-sentencing stndrd tht requires Prt 1 violent offenders to serve not less thn 85% of their sentence in prison efore ecoming eligile for relese (tle 2). Prt 1 violent offenses, s defined y the Federl Bureu of Investigtion s Uniform Crime Reports, include murder, nonnegligent mnslughter, rpe, roery, nd ggrvted ssult. By dopting this stndrd, Sttes could receive truth-in-sentencing funds under the Offender Incrcertion nd Truth-in-Sentencing (VOITIS) incentive grnt progrm s estlished y the 1994 Crime Act. VOITIS grnts cn e used y Sttes to uild or expnd prison cpcity. Five Sttes (Delwre, Minnesot, Tennessee, Uth, nd Wshington) encted truth-in-sentencing lws prior to pssge of the Crime Act. The remining Sttes pssed truth-insentencing lws fter (See Truth in Sentencing in Stte Prisons, Jnury, NCJ ) At yerend 2000 nerly three-qurters of the prole popultion ws in the District of Columi nd the 29 Sttes tht met the Federl 85%-stndrd. Nine of the ten Sttes with the lrgest prole popultions in 2000 met the Federl truth-in-sentencing stndrd for violent offenders. Texs, with the second lrgest prole popultion, required violent offenders to serve 50% of their sentence. Overll, 11 Sttes more thn douled their prole popultions from 1990 to 2000; 6 of the 11 were Federl truthin-sentencing Sttes. In solute numers, 6 Federl truth-in-sentencing Sttes (Cliforni, Illinois, Louisin, New York, Ohio, nd Pennsylvni) hd n increse of 11,000 or more prolees. Thirteen Sttes (9 of which were Federl truth-in-sentencing Sttes) experienced decline of t lest 10% during this period. Tle 2. Numer of dults on prole, y Stte, yerend 1990, 1995, nd 2000 Prole popultion Numer Percent chnge per 100, dults 312 All Sttes 502, , , % Truth-in-sentencing Sttes c Arizon 2,474 4,109 3, % 92 Cliforni 68,120 91, , Connecticut 416 1,233 1, Delwre 1,002 1, District of Columi 5,157 6,340 5, ,244 Florid 5,237 11,197 6, Georgi 20,406 19,434 21, Illinois 18,882 29,541 30, Iow 1,991 2,340 2, Knss 5,647 6,094 3, Louisin 9,754 19,028 22, Mine Michign 11,083 13,862 15, Minnesot 1,701 2,117 3, Mississippi 3,321 1,510 1, Missouri 8,939 13,001 12, New Jersey 23,172 37,867 14, New Mexico 1,283 1,366 1, New York 42,360 55,568 57, North Crolin 10,409 18,501 3, North Dkot Ohio 6,601 7,432 18, Oregon 7,972 15,019 17, Pennsylvni 57,298 73,234 82, South Crolin 3,770 5,545 4, Tennessee 10,221 8,851 8, Uth 1,543 2,700 3, Virgini 8,671 10,188 5, Wshington 9, Wisconsin 4,111 7,548 9, Sttes d Alm 6,291 7,793 5, % 165 Alsk Arknss 3,559 4,685 9, Colordo 2,140 3,024 5, Hwii 1,383 1,689 2, Idho , Indin 3,291 3,200 4, Kentucky 3,239 4,257 4, Mrylnd 11,106 15,748 14, Msschusetts 4,816 5,256 3, Montn Nersk Nevd 2,702 2,863 4, New Hmpshire Oklhom 2,752 2,356 1, Rhode Islnd South Dkot , Texs 104, , , Vermont West Virgini , Wyoming Bsed on the Annul Prole Survey. Prolees per 100,000 dult U.S. residents sed on Stte popultions for April 1, c Sttes met Federl truth-in-sentencing stndrds under the Offender Incrcertion nd Truth-in-Sentencing incentive grnts progrm in fiscl yer d Some Sttes my hve truth in sentencing ut did not meet the Federl stndrd. See Truth in Sentencing in Stte Prisons, NCJ Trends in Stte Prole,

4 Four Sttes ccounted for nerly two-thirds of the growth in prole during the 1990 s Four Sttes (Cliforni, New York, Pennsylvni, nd Texs) supervised over hlf of ll Stte prolees t yerend Together, these Sttes ccounted for 64% of the growth in Stte prole from 1990 to Sixteen Sttes experienced decline in their prole popultions. Wshington Stte (down 98%), followed y North Crolin (down 68%) nd Mississippi (down 52%), hd the lrgest declines, s the result of olishing discretionry prole. At yerend 2000 nerly 1 in every 320 dults were under Stte prole supervision. Overll, there were 312 prolees per 100,000 dult U.S. residents in 2000, up from 271 per 100,000 residents in Among Sttes, Pennsylvni (with 876 prolees per 100,000 Stte residents), Texs (with 747), nd Louisin (with 704) hd the highest rtes of prole supervision. Excluding Mine nd Wshington, which olished prole in 1975 nd 1984, respectively, North Dkot hd the lowest rte of prole supervision (24 per 100,000 Stte residents), followed y Nersk (with 38), Rhode Islnd (with 44), nd Florid (with 49). Since 1990 discretionry releses hve declined; mndtory prole nd expirtion of sentence releses hve incresed Regrdless of their method of relese, nerly ll Stte prisoners (t lest 95%) will e relesed from prison t some point; nerly 80% will e relesed to prole supervision. (See Prisoners in 1998, August, NCJ ) As percentge of ll releses, mndtory prole releses incresed from 29% in 1990 to 41% in (figure 1). Discretionry prole releses dropped from 39% to 24%, while releses due to expirtion of sentence rose from 13% to 18%. In the 1980 s discretionry prole ws the primry method of relese from Stte prison (tle 3). Between 1985 nd 1990 discretionry prole releses incresed from 88,069 to 159,731. The numer relesed y Stte prole ords peked in 1992 (t 170,095) nd declined ech yer therefter, dropping to 128,708 in. Consistent with the doption of truth in sentencing nd other mndtory relese sttutes, mndtory prole releses hve stedily incresed, from 26,735 in 1980 to 116,857 in By 1995 the numer of mndtory releses exceeded the numer of discretionry releses. In, 223,342 Stte prisoners were relesed y mndtory prole, 91%-increse from Releses from Stte prison, y method of relese, Percent of releses 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 Figure 1 Yer All releses* 143, , , , , ,950 Discretionry prole Mndtory prole 10% Expirtion of sentence 0% Discretionry prole 78,602 88, , , , ,708 Growth in prison releses linked to drug offenders Overll, the numer of prison releses rose from 405,374 in 1990 to 542,950 in. Bsed on the most serious offense for which prisoners hd served time, drug offenders comprised n incresing percentge of prison releses. Nerly 33% of Stte prison releses in were drug offenders (up from 26% in 1990 nd 11% in 1985) (figure 2). The numer of drug offenders relesed rose from 23,000 in 1985 to 105,800 in After 1990 the numer of drug offenders continued to go up, reching 177,000 in. As percentge of ll releses from prison, violent offenders hve remined stle, while property Tle 3. Method of relese from Stte prison, for selected yers, Mndtory prole 26,735 62, , , , ,342 Releses from Stte prison, y most serious offense, Percent of releses 50% 40% 30% 20% Figure 2 conditionl 9,363 15,371 62,851 60,800 46,195 66, Expirtion of sentence 20,460 34,489 51,288 48,971 66,017 98,218 Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Counts re for Decemer 31 for ech yer. *Includes releses to protion, commuttions, nd other unspecified releses nd excludes escpees, AWOL s, nd trnsfers. 4 Trends in Stte Prole,

5 offenders hve dropped shrply. Nerly 25% of releses were violent offenders in (down from 26% in 1990), nd 31% were property offenders (down from 39%). Between 1990 nd, nnul releses from Stte prison to prole supervision grew y n estimted 78,900 inmtes (tle 4). offenders ccounted for 61% of the increse, followed y violent offenders (23%), nd pulic-order offenders (15%). The numer of property offenders relesed to prole declined from 1990 to. Aout 98,000 Stte prisoners were relesed unconditionlly through n expirtion of their sentence in, up Most serious offense All offenses Prole supervision* Chnge, Percent of totl 78,900 19,800-1,100 52,100 13, from 48,971 relesed in These inmtes were relesed without ny prole supervision. Of those relesed in, 32% were violent offenders, 32% property offenders, 24% drug offenders, nd 12% pulic-order offenders. Prison releses hve served more time nd greter portion of their sentence efore relese Among ll Stte inmtes relesed from prison for their first time on their current offense ( first releses ), the verge time served in prison incresed from 22 months in 1990 to 29 months in (tle 5). Relesed inmtes hd lso served n verge Tle 4. Prtitioning the growth in method of relese from Stte prison, y offense, Expirtion of sentence Chnge, Percent of totl 46,900 15,500 9,100 14,900 7, Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Counts re for Decemer 31 for ech yer. *Includes ll releses to prole, protion, nd other conditionl supervision. of 5 months in locl jils prior to their dmission to prison. Overll, relesed inmtes hd served totl of 34 months in C 6 months longer thn relesed inmtes in Murderers relesed in served on verge 14 months longer thn those relesed in 1990 (106 months versus 92 months). Rpe offenders served 17 months longer (79 months compred to 62 months). offenders served 27 months in, compred to 20 months in Reflecting sttutory nd policy chnges tht required offenders to serve lrger portion of their sentence efore relese, ll offenders relesed for the first time in served on verge 49% of their sentence, up from 38% in Of the four mjor offense ctegories, violent offenders served the highest percentge (55%) in, followed y pulic-order (51%), property (46%), nd drug offenders (43%). Offenders convicted of ssult served the highest percentge of their sentence (out 59%), followed y offenders convicted of rpe (58%). Tle 5. Sentence length nd time served for first releses from Stte prison, 1990 nd All offenses Men sentence length mo 65 mo Men time served in C Jil Prison mo 5 mo 22 mo 29 mo Totl time served c mo 34 mo Percent of sentence served d % 48.7% offenses 99 mo 87 mo 7 mo 6 mo 39 mo 45 mo 46 mo 51 mo 43.8% 55.0% Murder e Mnslughter Rpe sexul ssult Roery Assult offenses Burglry Lrceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Frud 65 mo mo mo mo mo mo mo mo % % offenses Possession Trfficking 57 mo mo mo mo mo mo mo mo % % offenses 40 mo 42 mo. 5 mo 4 mo 14 mo 19 mo 18 mo 23 mo 42.6% 51.1% Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed for the first time on the current sentence. Excludes prisoners relesed from prison y escpe, deth, trnsfer, ppel, or detiner. Mximum sentence length for the most serious offense. Excludes sentences of life, life without prole, life plus dditionl yers, nd deth. Time served in jil nd credited towrd the current sentence. c Bsed on time served in jil nd in prison. Detil my not dd to totl ecuse of rounding. d Bsed on totl sentence length (not shown) for ll consecutive sentences. e Includes nonnegligent mnslughter. Trends in Stte Prole,

6 Tle 6. Time served, mximum sentence, nd percent of sentence served for Prt 1 violent offenders, y Stte, 1993, 1996, nd Men mximum sentence Men time served Percent of sentence served All Sttes 108 mo 99 mo 103 mo 46 mo 50 mo 53 mo 46% 52% 56% Truth-in-sentencing Sttes c 89 mo 88 mo 93 mo 41 mo 46 mo 50 mo 50% 54% 58% Arizon Cliforni Connecticut Delwre Florid Georgi Illinois Iow Knss Louisin Mine Michign / / / Minnesot Mississippi Missouri New Jersey New Mexico New York North Crolin North Dkot Ohio Oregon Pennsylvni South Crolin Tennessee Uth Virgini Wshington Wisconsin Sttes d 129 mo 113 mo 104 mo 53 mo 54 mo 55 mo 42% 48% 54% Alm Alsk Arknss Colordo Hwii Idho Indin Kentucky / / Mrylnd Msschusetts Montn Nersk Nevd New Hmpshire Oklhom Rhode Islnd South Dkot Texs Vermont West Virgini Wyoming Note: Dt were otined from the Offender Incrcertion nd Truth-in-Sentencing (VOITIS) Incentive Grnt Progrm. Includes only offenders with sentence of more thn 1 yer relesed for the first time on the current sentence. Excludes persons relesed from prison y escpe, deth, trnsfer, ppel or detiner. Prt 1 violent crimes include murder/nonnegligent mnslughter, rpe, roery, nd ggrvted ssult. --Not reported. /Not clculted. Excludes sentences of life or deth. Bsed on Sttes tht reported oth men mximum sentence nd men time served. c Sttes met the Federl 85% requirement for VOITIS grnts in fiscl yer 2000 sed on dt. Excludes the District of Columi. d Requirement for percent of sentence served my vry y Stte nd y type of offender. 6 Trends in Stte Prole,

7 Time served y relesed Prt 1 violent offenders incresed in 33 Sttes etween 1993 nd Through the VOITIS progrm, 33 Sttes reported n increse in verge time served y relesed Prt 1 violent prisoners etween 1993 nd (tle 6). Overll, time served y relesed Prt 1 violent offenders rose from 46 months to 53 months. The verge time served for violent offenders relesed in rnged from 29 months in North Dkot to 85 months in Missouri. The percent of the totl sentence served incresed from 46% in 1993 to 56% in. Prt 1 violent offenders in Missouri (86%), Arizon (81%), nd Connecticut (80%) served the highest percent of their sentences efore relese. offenders in Uth nd Arknss served the lowest percent of their sentences efore relese (36%). Discretionry relese Mndtory relese Expirtion of sentence 82 mo mo mo mo mo mo On verge, in relesed violent offenders in Federl truth-in-sentencing Sttes served 50 months (or 58% of the verge mximum sentence), while violent offenders in other Sttes served 55 months (54% of the mximum sentence). Between 1993 nd, the percent of sentence served y relesed violent inmtes rose in 21 of the 25 truth-in-sentencing Sttes tht reported dt nd in 12 of the 21 Sttes not meeting the 85%-stndrd. Inmtes relesed y prole ords served longer thn those relesed y mndtory prole In prisoners relesed y discretionry prole for the first time on the current sentence hd served n verge of 35 months in prison nd jil, while those relesed through mndtory prole hd served 33 months (tle 7). Among discretionry Tle 7. Sentence length nd time served for first releses from Stte prison, y method of relese, 1990 nd Type of relese nd offense Men sentence length 1990 Men totl time served Percent of sentence served c 34% % % Men sentence length 89 mo mo mo Men totl time served 35 mo mo mo Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer. Excludes persons relesed from prison y escpe, deth, trnsfer, ppel, or detiner. Excludes sentences of life without prole, life plus dditionl yers, life nd deth. Includes time served in prison nd jil. c Bsed on totl sentence length (not shown) for ll consecutive sentences. Percent of sentence served c 37% % % releses, time served rose for ll types of offenders during the 1990 s. In violent offenders relesed y discretionry prole served 10 months longer thn violent offenders relesed in 1990; property offenders served 6 months longer; drug offenders, 8 months; nd pulic-order offenders, 3 months. Among mndtory prole releses, time served lso incresed for ll types of offenses C violent nd pulic-order offenders served 6 months longer in thn in 1990, while property nd drug offenders served 7 months longer. Although the verge time served y discretionry releses exceeded the time served y mndtory prole releses in oth yers, discretionry releses served smller percentge of their prison sentences efore relese. In discretionry releses served 37% of their totl prison sentence (up from 34% in 1990); mndtory releses served 61% of their sentence (up from 55%). Prisoners relesed due to expirtion of sentence hd served longer in (36 months) thn in 1990 (31 months). offenders relesed through expirtion of sentence hd the lrgest increse (8 months) in time served in prison. In violent offenders relesed through expirtion of sentence served, on verge, 68% of their totl mximum sentence, up from 53% in Among discretionry nd mndtory prole releses, lck offenders served longer thn whites Time served y prisoners relesed for the first time on their current sentence in vried mong white, lck, nd Hispnic prisoners. Overll, lck non-hispnic offenders relesed y Trends in Stte Prole,

8 Tle 8. Men time served in prison for first releses to Stte prole, y method of relese, Discretionry prole releses Mndtory prole releses Most serious offense Mle Femle White Blck Hispnic Mle Femle White Blck All offenses 36 mo 26 mo 34 mo 37 mo offenses 60 mo 45 mo 58 mo 62 mo Murder Mnslughter Rpe sexul ssult Roery Assult offenses 32 mo Burglry 39 Lrceny/theft 25 Motor vehicle theft 26 Frud 26 offenses 29 mo Possession 27 Trfficking mo 34 mo 24 mo 31 mo 38 mo 47 mo 48 mo 36 mo 47 mo 53 mo mo 30 mo 32 mo 30 mo 31 mo 22 mo 29 mo 33 mo mo 27 mo 28 mo 31 mo 27 mo 21 mo 22 mo. 31 mo offenses 21 mo 19 mo 19 mo 22 mo 22 mo 26 mo 21 mo 24 mo 29 mo Hispnic 30 mo 41 mo mo mo mo Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer. Excludes prisoners relesed from prison y escpe, deth, trnsfer, ppel, or detiner. Includes time served in prison nd jil. --Not clculted. Excludes persons of Hispnic origin. Includes nonnegligent mnslughter. discretionry prole in served 37 months; white non-hispnics served 34 months; nd Hispnics 33 months (tle 8). Blck offenders relesed y mndtory prole served 7 months longer thn whites (38 months compred to 31 months). Hispnics served 30 months. Among relesed violent offenders, lcks served 4 months longer thn whites efore discretionry prole relese (62 months compred to 58 months) nd 6 months longer efore mndtory prole (53 months compred to 47 months). Hispnic prisoners served the shortest mount of time for violent offenses efore relese (47 months efore discretionry prole relese nd 41 months efore mndtory relese). In Hispnics served longer thn other groups for drug offenses efore discretionry prole relese (31 months versus 27 for whites nd 28 for lcks). Blck drug offenders served more time efore mndtory relese (31 months), thn whites (22 months) nd Hispnics (26 months). Women relesed in served less time in Stte prison thn men, regrdless of the method of relese. On verge, women relesed y discretionry prole served 26 months, nd 8 Trends in Stte Prole, men served 36 months. Women relesed y mndtory prole served 24 months nd men served 34 months. For violent offenses, women served 45 months prior to discretionry relese compred to 36 months mong women who received mndtory prole. Women in prison for drug offenses served 24 months efore discretionry relese nd 21 months efore mndtory relese. Tle 9. Chrcteristics of Stte prisoners expected to e relesed y yerend Percent of expected Chrcteristic releses Most serious offense Numer of prior incrcertions to 5 6 or more 33.2% % Criminl justice sttus t time of rrest None 46.4% On protion 26.2 On prole 26.7 Escpe 0.7 Note: Bsed on dt from the Survey of Inmtes in Stte Adult Correctionl Fcilities, Over hlf of prison releses hd prior incrcertion; more thn qurter were prole violtors A mjority of relesed Stte prisoners hd een in prison efore nd were returned to prison for new offenses or prole violtions. According to inmtes in Stte prison in 1997, 56% of those who expected to e relesed to the community y yerend hd one or more prior incrcertions, nd 25% hd 3 or more prior incrcertions (tle 9). Among those expecting to Tle 10. Sustnce use, mentl illness, nd homelessness mong Stte prisoners expected to e relesed y yerend Chrcteristic Alcohol or drug involved t time of offense Alcohol use Alcohol use t time of offense Alcohol dependent use In month efore offense At time of offense Intrvenous use in the pst Committed offense for money for drugs Mentlly ill Homeless t time of rrest Percent of expected releses 83.9% 41.5% % % 11.6% Note: Bsed on dt from the Survey of Inmtes in Stte Adult Correctionl Fcilities, 1997.

9 Tle 11. Stte prole entries nd dischrges, 1980 nd Yer Entries 113, , , , , , , , , , , ,605 Dischrges 105, , , , , , , , , , , ,183 Note: Bsed on the Annul Prole Survey, Counts re for entries nd dischrges etween Jnury 1 nd Decemer 31 of ech yer. return to the community y, 27% hd een on prole nd 26% on protion t the time of rrest for their current incrcertion. These criminl records were compounded y histories of drug nd lcohol use, mentl illness, nd homelessness (tle 10). Among prisoners expected to e relesed to the community y yerend, 84% reported eing involved in drugs or lcohol t the time of the offense. Nerly 25% were determined to e lcohol dependent, nd 21% hd committed the offense to otin money for drugs. Fourteen percent were determined to e mentlly ill, nd 12% reported eing homeless t the time of rrest. Stte prole entries nd dischrges rose during the 1990 s During 2000 there were 441,605 entries to Stte prole, 27% increse over the numer tht entered prole in 1990 (tle 11). The numer of dischrges from Stte prole rose from 274,697 in 1990 to 432,183 in 2000, n increse of 57%. During the 1990 s, Stte prole entries incresed n verge of 2.4% per yer, while prole dischrges incresed n verge of 4.6% per yer. Dischrges include prolees who re successful s well s those who re unsuccessful (including revoctions, returns to prison or jil, nd sconders). Dischrges lso include prolees trnsferred to other jurisdictions nd those who die while under supervision. Re-releses n incresing portion of Stte prole entries Among prole entries, the percentge who hd een re-relesed rose etween 1990 nd. Re-releses re persons leving prison fter hving served time either for violtion of prole or other conditionl relese or for new offense committed while under prole supervision. In 1990, 27% of entries to prole were re-releses; in, 45% were rereleses (figure 3). During n estimted 192,400 re-releses entered prole, n increse of 103% over the 94,900 re-releses in Tle 12. Criminl justice chrcteristics of Stte prole entries, 1990 nd Chrcteristic Most serious offense Method of relese Discretionry prole Mndtory prole Type of relese First relese Re-relese Time served in Stte prison First releses Less thn 12 mos. 47.0% or more 7.5 Men time served Re-releses Less thn 12 mos or more Men time served Percent of entries % % % mo 74.2% mo 24.4% % % % mo 72.3% mo Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Dt re from the Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm. Entries to Stte prole, y type of prison relese, Percent of prole entries 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1985 Figure 3 First releses Re-releses After hving een returned to prison for prole or conditionl relese violtion, re-releses served on verge 13 months in prison in (tle 12). From 1990 to their verge time served in prison following re-dmission incresed y 2 months. In oth yers out 7 in 10 re-releses hd served less thn 12 months in prison. Tle 13. Demogrphic chrcteristics of Stte prole entries, 1990 nd Chrcteristic Gender Mle Femle Rce/Hispnic origin White non-hispnic Blck non-hispnic Hispnic Age t prison relese 17 or younger or older Men ge Eduction 8th grde or less Some high school High school grdute Some college or more Percent of entries % % % yrs 16.8% % % % yrs 11.0% Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Dt re from the Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm. Trends in Stte Prole,

10 Stte prole entries older in thn in 1990 The verge ge of prisoners relesed to prole incresed from 31 yers in 1990 to 34 yers in (tle 13). In n estimted 109,300 Stte prisoners ge 40 or older were proled, C 26% of ll entries to prole. This ws more thn doule the 47,800 prisoners ge 40 or older who entered prole in The numer of prole entries mong inmtes under ge 35 declined over the period. In, 233,500 Stte prisoners under ge 35 entered prole, down from 252,700. The lrgest decline ws mong inmtes ge 25 to 29. In 1990 they represented 27% of ll prole entries; in, 19%. Femle entries to prole incresed during the 1990 s In, 10% of entries to Stte prole were femle, up from 8% in The numer of women who entered prole incresed from n estimted 27,600 in 1990 to 42,000 in. Although the 52% increse in the numer of femle prole entries outpced tht of mles (up 19%), there were 381,900 mle entries in. An incresing percentge of women entering prole hd served time for drug offenses (tle 14). In 1990, 36% of femle prole entries were drug offenders; y, 42% were drug offenders. Women first relesed to prole were less likely to e property offenders in (35%) thn in 1990 (42%). As percentge of women entering prole, violent offenders remined unchnged (16%). Among prole entries, the rcil nd ethnic distriutions remined nerly stle during the 1990 s. In, 35% of prole entries were white, 47% were lck, nd 16% were Hispnic. offenders ccounted for pproximtely qurter of first releses mong whites, lcks, nd Hispnics in oth 1990 nd. offenders represented n incresing percentge of prole entries, mong ll groups. In drug offenders comprised 39% of lck prole entries (up from 31% in 1990); 43% of Hispnic entries (up from 41%); nd 21% of white entries (up from 18%). Prole success rtes unchnged since 1990 Of the 410,613 dischrges from Stte prole in, 42% successfully completed their term of supervision, 43% were returned to prison or jil, nd 10% sconded. In 1990, 45% of Stte prole dischrges were successful. Between 1990 nd the percent successful mong Stte prole dischrges hs rnged from 42% to 49%, without ny distinct trend. Sttes differed in their rte of success mong prole dischrges (tle 15). Sttes with the highest rtes of success in were Msschusetts nd Mississippi (t 83% ech), followed y North Crolin (80%) nd North Dkot (79%). Uth (18%) nd Cliforni (21%) hd the lowest rtes of success in. When compring Stte success rtes for prole dischrges, differences my e due to vritions in prole popultions, such s ge t prison relese, criminl history, nd most serious offense. Success rtes my lso differ sed on the intensity of supervision nd the prole gency policies relted to revoction of technicl violtors. Tle 14. Most serious offense of first releses to Stte prole, 1990 nd Most serious offense All offenses offenses 26.1% 15.9% 23.7% 27.0% 22.4% 28.7% 15.9% 25.9% 28.4% 26.7% Murder Mnslughter Rpe sexul ssult Roery Assult offenses Burglry Lrceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Frud offenses Possession Trfficking offenses Mle 37.6% % % First releses to Stte prole in 1990 Femle White Blck 41.5% % % 44.9% % % 35.3% % % Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed for the first time on the current sentence. Excludes prisoners relesed from prison y escpe, deth, trnsfer, ppel, or detiner. Detil my not dd to totl ecuse of rounding nd exclusion of other/unspecified offenses. Excludes persons of Hispnic origin. Includes nonnegligent mnslughter. 6.1% Hispnic 28.3% % % Mle 28.7% % First releses to Stte prole in Femle White Blck 35.3% % % 38.6% % % 24.9% % % Hispnic 20.4% % % 10 Trends in Stte Prole,

11 Tle 15. Percent successful mong Stte prole dischrges, y Stte, 1990, 1995, nd Region nd jurisdiction All Sttes Northest Connecticut Mine Msschusetts New Hmpshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd Vermont Midwest Illinois Indin Iow Knss Michign Minnesot Missouri Nersk North Dkot Ohio South Dkot Wisconsin South Alm Arknss Delwre Dist. of Columi Florid Georgi Kentucky Louisin Mrylnd Mississippi North Crolin Oklhom South Crolin Tennessee Texs Virgini West Virgini West Alsk Arizon Cliforni Colordo Hwii Idho Montn Nevd New Mexico Oregon Uth Wshington Wyoming Percent successful of ll prole dischrges % 55.0% / % % % % 55.3% / % / % % 57.7% / / % % 39.6 / % / 59.6 Note: Bsed on the Annul Prole Survey. Counts re for dischrges etween Jnury 1 nd Decemer 31 of ech yer. --Not reported. /Not clculted. Success rtes highest mong first releses nd discretionry prole releses In every yer during the 1990 s, first releses to Stte prole were more likely to hve een successful thn re-releses. Among Stte prole dischrges in 1990, 56% of first releses successfully completed their supervision, compred to 15% of re-releses. Of ll those exiting prole in, 63% of first releses were successful, compred to 21% of re-releses (tle 16). Success rtes lso vried y method of relese. In every yer etween 1990 nd, Stte prisoners relesed y prole ord hd higher success rtes thn those relesed through mndtory prole. Among prole Dt re from the Annul Prole Survey. Dt re from the Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm. Yer % First relese Discretionry Mndtory 59.6% % % dischrges in, 54% of discretionry prolees were successful compred to 33% of those who hd received mndtory prole. Between 1990 nd the percent successful mong discretionry prolees vried etween 50% nd 56%, while the percent successful mong mndtory prolees vried etween 24% nd 33%. Among prole dischrges in who hd een relesed from prison for the first time on their current offense, mndtory prolees hd higher success rte (79%) thn discretionry prolees (61%) (tle 17). Discretionry prolees in who hd een re-relesed from prison were more likely to e successful (37%) thn mndtory prolees (17%). Tle 16. Percent successful mong Stte prole dischrges, y method of relese from prison, Yer All dischrges Type of relese First relese Re-relese 14.6% Tle 17. Percent successful mong Stte prole dischrges, y type nd method of relese, Re-relese Discretionry Mndtory 26.7% Method of relese Discretionry Mndtory prole prole 51.6% % Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Dt re from the Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm. 23.8% Trends in Stte Prole,

12 Among prole dischrges, success rtes rose for lcks nd Hispnics; dropped for whites Between 1990 nd the success rtes mong Stte prole dischrges incresed from 33% to 39% mong lcks nd incresed from 31% to 51% mong Hispnics, ut dropped from 44% to 41% mong whites (tle 18). The 11 percentge-point difference in success rtes etween white nd lck prole dischrges in 1990 nrrowed to less thn 2 percentge points in. Tle 18. Percent successful mong Stte prole dischrges, y selected chrcteristics, 1990 nd Chrcteristic Gender Mle Femle Rce/Hispnic origin White non-hispnic Blck non-hispnic Hispnic Age t prole dischrge 17 or younger or older Method of relese Discretionry prole Mndtory prole Type of relese First relese Re-relese Most serious offense Time served in prison* Less thn 12 months months months 60 months or more Percent successful % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. Dt re from the Ntionl Corrections Reporting Progrm. *First releses only. Hispnic prolees, who hd the lowest rte of success in 1990, hd the highest rte in. For femle prole dischrges, the rte of success rose over 10 percentge points (from 37% in 1990 to 48% in ). The success rte mong mle prole dischrges incresed from 36% to 39%. Older prole dischrges hd the highest rtes of success in oth yers. Accounting for 2.1% of dischrges in, prolees ge 55 or older hd the highest rte of successful completion (55%). Among prole dischrges in other ge groups, success rtes fluctuted etween 36% nd 43%. Success rtes highest mong first releses serving less thn 12 months in prison Among prole dischrges, 74% of first releses who hd served less thn 12 months in prison successfully completed prole, the highest success rte mong proled first releses. As the length of time served in prison incresed for first releses, the success rte declined, with offenders with the longest time served (5 yers or more) hving the lowest success rte (62%). The rte of success for this group still exceeded the overll success rte of 42% for ll prolees. The size nd mke-up of Cliforni s prole popultion, comined with the low percent of successful termintions (25% in ), ffect the ntionl rte of success for prole dischrges. If dt from Cliforni re removed from the nlysis, the comprtive rtes of success for discretionry nd mndtory prole chnge drmticlly. Overll, Cliforni ccounted for nerly 30% of ll Stte prole dischrges during. Discretionry prole, though ville s method of relese, is rrely used in Cliforni. In more thn 99% of Cliforni s prole dischrges hd received mndtory prole. In prole dischrges served n verge of 26 months under supervision, up from 23 months in 1990 Among first releses from prison, successful prole ord releses served, on verge, 34 months in ; while successful mndtory prole releses served 21 months. Unsuccessful prole dischrges relesed y prole ord served n verge 26 months, while those relesed y mndtory prole served 19 months. Overll, successful prole dischrges in served n verge of 27 months under prole supervision nd unsuccessful dischrges served 24 months. Regrdless of outcome, Stte prole dischrges who hd een relesed y prole ord served longer under supervision in thn in Method of relese All releses Successful releses Discretionry Mndtory Unsuccessful releses Discretionry Mndtory Averge time served on prole* mo 26 mo 25 mo mo Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. *First releses only. Rtes of successful termintion higher when Cliforni is excluded 27 mo mo When Cliforni dt re excluded, the success rte for ll prole dischrges rises to 53% (from 42%), nd the rte for mndtory prolees increses to 64% (from 33%) in. Percent successful mong prole dischrges in Cliforni nd ll other Sttes, Cliforni Prole in ll other Sttes All Mnd- Discre- Yer prole All tory tionry % 52.8% 64.0% 54.2% Note: Bsed on prisoners with sentence of more thn 1 yer who were relesed from Stte prison. 12 Trends in Stte Prole,

13 Tle 19. Percent prole violtors mong dmissions to Stte prison, 1990 nd Region nd jurisdiction All Sttes* Northest Connecticut Mine Msschusetts New Hmpshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvni Rhode Islnd Vermont Midwest Illinois Indin Iow Knss Michign Minnesot Missouri Nersk North Dkot Ohio South Dkot Wisconsin South Alm Arknss Delwre Florid Georgi Kentucky Louisin Mrylnd Mississippi North Crolin Oklhom South Crolin Tennessee Texs Virgini West Virgini West Alsk Arizon Cliforni Colordo Hwii Idho Montn Nevd New Mexico Oregon Uth Wshington Wyoming Percent of dmissions tht were prole violtors % 43.4% % % % Note: Bsed on dt from the Ntionl Prisoners Sttistics (NPS-1 ) series. *Excludes the District of Columi. 34.8% 17.4% % % % Numer of prole violtors returned to prison continued to rise during the 1990 s In, 197,606 prole violtors were returned to Stte prison, up from 27,177 in 1980 nd 131,502 in As percentge of ll dmissions to Stte prison, prole violtors more thn douled from 17% in 1980 to 35% in (figure 4). Between 1990 nd the numer of prole violtors rose 50%, while the numer of new court commitments rose 7%. On verge, the numer of prole violtors grew 4% per yer, while the numer of new court commitments rose 0.8% per yer. In prole violtors ccounted for more thn 50% of Stte prison dmission in Cliforni (67%), Uth (55%), Montn (53%), nd Louisin (53%) (tle 19). In five Sttes C Florid (7%), Alm (9%), Indin (10%), Mississippi (10%) nd West Virgini (10%) C prole violtors comprised 10% or less of ll dmissions. In 36 Sttes prole violtors incresed s percentge of dmissions etween 1990 nd. As percentge of ll dmissions, prole violtors rose the most in Louisin (from 15% in 1990 to 53% in ) nd in Montn (from 20% to 53%). Nerly qurter of Stte prisoners in 1997 were prole violtors Bsed on personl interviews of Stte inmtes, n estimted 24% of prisoners in 1997 sid they were on prole t the time of the offense for which they were serving time in prison (up from 22% in 1991). Of the 1,129,180 inmtes under the jurisdiction of Stte prison uthorities t yerend 1997, pproximtely 271,000 were prole violtors. Prole violtors in prison in 1997 were older nd more likely to hve committed pulic order or drug offense thn prole violtors in 1991 (tle 20). In 1997 out 25% of prole violtors in prison were ge 40 or older, compred Admissions to Stte prison, y type of dmission, Percent of dmissions 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1980 Figure 4 New court commitments Prole violtors to 17% in In 1997 n estimted 34% were serving time for violent offense nd 23% for drug offense. In 1991, 36% of prole violtors were in prison for violent offense; 19% for drug offense. In oth yers, more thn 42% of prole violtors reported hving een incrcerted 3 or more times in the pst. Tle 20. Chrcteristics of prole violtors in Stte prison, 1991 nd 1997 Chrcteristic Gender Mle Femle Rce/Hispnic origin White non-hispnic Blck non-hispnic Hispnic Age t prison relese 17 or younger or older Most serious offense Percent of prole violtors % % % % Numer of prior incrcertions % to or more 16.0 Note: Dt re from the Survey of Inmtes in Stte Adult Correctionl Fcilities, 1991 nd % % % % % Trends in Stte Prole,