Etched (carnelian) beads from northeast and southeast Arabia

Transcription

1 Ar. rch. epig. 2006: 17: (2006) Printed in Singpore. All rights reserved Etched (crnelin) eds from northest nd southest Ari Etched eds from northest nd southest Ari re usully not cited in connection with est-west trde, ecuse they remin unknown to most scholrs. There is mple evidence, however, from sites on the Arin shores of the Persin Gulf tht the region prticipted in ctive trde during severl periods. Etched eds re one of the commodities testifying to the existence of mritime links. A high percentge of the etched eds found elong to the Erly Bronze Age nd the Pré-islmique récent (PIR)-period, lthough other periods re lso represented. Keywords: eds, etched, crnelin, Persin Gulf, Ari, interntionl trde An De Wele nd Ernie Herinck Ghent University, Belgium Ghent University, Belgium Deprtment of Ner Estern Art nd Archeology St. Pietersplein 6 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mil: n.dewele@ugent.e; ernie.herinck@ugent.e Introduction Etched, mostly crnelin, eds found in northest nd southest Ari re rrely, if t ll, cited in studies of the movements of commodities in the ncient Ner Est. Archeology strted only couple of decdes go in estern Ari nd the documenttion from tht re is not well known to scholrs studying other regions. However, textul nd rcheologicl evidence clerly indicte tht goods from different countries reched the Arin shores of the Persin Gulf in ll periods. Throughout history the Persin Gulf hs een one of the mjor rteries through which exotic goods were trnsported etween different civilistions. Northest nd southest Ari were often involved in these trnsctions nd prticipted in the trffic, nd goods from different regions often ended up in the communities of the Persin Gulf nd were incorported into their mteril culture. Cermics, sels, glss, ivory ojects nd coins, mongst others, ll testify to such reltions. In the Persin Gulf region, etched crnelin eds, which re thought to hve een minly produced in Indi, hve thus fr een found for the most prt in toms of vrying dte in Bhrin, the UAE nd Omn. Thus fr, some seventy etched eds hve een discovered. Although the mjority of the eds found elong to the Erly Bronze Age (lte third millennium BCE) nd the PIR-period (third century BCE-third century AD), etched or leched eds re lso ttested during the Lte Bronze Age, the Iron Age nd the Ssnin/Erly Islmic er. Beds were importnt for more thn just dornment. Prticulrly in the pst, they hd symolic menings nd functioned in system of non-verl communiction. They functioned in the socil, politicl, religious, mgicl or medicinl sphere, depending on the prticulr sort of stone nd/or design of ed (1). As to the typology nd chronology of etched eds in generl there re three mjor studies t hnd y H.C. Beck (2), E.C.L. During Cspers (3) nd prticulrly y J. Rede (4). However, these were pulished decdes go nd included lmost no eds from northest or southest Ari. Most of the finds from these regions were only found in the 1980s nd 1990s. Since the rcheology of the Arin shores of the Persin Gulf is recent phenomenon, not ll excvtions hve yet een reported in full. More eds my hve een found, ut they hve remined unpulished. In some cses, illustrtions re lcking or re not of the est qulity. In others there my e 31

2 A. DE WAELE AND E. HAERINCK little pulished informtion on the shpe, design, colour or context of the ed. Finlly, the identifiction of ed s crnelin my in some cses e suspect, since gte nd other chlcedonies could hve een etched s well. Crnelin A memer of the chlcedonic qurtz fmily, crnelin ws one of the most populr nd widespred semi-precious stones in the ncient Ner Est nd Indi. With its ttrctive, deep red colour nd rillincy, crnelin ecme one of the most vlule stones fter lpis lzuli (5), chiefly in the mnufcture of jewellery nd sels. Most of the importnt crnelin sources re locted in Indi. On the Deccn Plteu, for exmple, numerous nodules re found on the river nks (6) while Rtnpur in the Rjpipl Stte ws fmous extrction site s well (7). In Irn, crnelin is oth present ner Shhr-i Sokht in the Helmnd Bsin nd on the Bushehr peninsul. According to D. Whitehouse, these two sites were not mjor sources ut they were not without significnce (8). On the Arin Peninsul, thick nd esily ccessile veins of crnelin re locted ner l-ghil (c. 40 km south of Rs l-khimh, UAE) (9). Good qulity sources re known in the mountins of Yemen (10) nd further sources hve een identified in western Sudi Ari (11). Elsewhere in Asi, crnelin cn e found in southwestern Afghnistn, southern Uzekistn, Azerijn, etc. (12). The history of etched crnelin eds The oldest etched crnelin eds hve een found in Indi (13) nd Mesopotmi (Erly Dynstic III period, middle of the third millennium BCE) (14). Most scholrs gree tht the technique of etching originted in Indi (15) where the rw mteril ws redily ville. Actul workshops for producing etched crnelin eds hve een excvted t Chnhu-Dro nd Lothl (16). Initilly, oth nodules nd (un)decorted eds were trded to Mesopotmi y lnd nd se routes (17). The lnd routes were those lso mostly used y the lpis lzuli trders: northern route vi Dmghn, Hmdn nd the Diyl region; southern wy vi Shhr-i Sokht, the Lut desert, Shhdd, Frs nd Khuzistn (18). However, the etched eds found in northest nd southest Ari most likely illustrte southern mritime route vi the Persin Gulf. Lter on, the mnufcturing method could hve een dopted y the inhitnts of Mesopotmi (19). This is suggested y the fct tht some (mostly simple) types hve only een found in Mesopotmi nd not in Indi (20). Thus, Mesopotmin production cnnot e excluded s possiility. Moreover, in view of the potentil vlue of etched crnelin eds nd the uncertinties of long-distnce trde, the imittion of such eds in Mesopotmi possily even y Indin crftsmen should come s no surprise, even if firm proof is s yet lcking (21). The trde in eds, the doption of specil types of eds (s regrds technique/style) nd the movement of edmkers re in ny cse difficult phenomen to confirm nd reconstruct (22). When the Indus Vlley civiliztion cme to n end in the second qurter of the second millennium BCE, the production of etched crnelin eds seems to hve lmost cesed long with the trde to Mesopotmi. However, mjor phse of production egn out the middle of the first millennium BCE. At Txil in Pkistn, t lest forty-one etched eds dted etween 500 BCE nd the second century AD were excvted (23). In Mesopotmi, they would hve ecome populr round the sme time (Achemenid period) (24). For the lter periods we hve textul evidence. Greek nd Ltin writers inform us out Indin chlcedonies trded during the first century AD (25). In the Periplus Mris Erythrei we red out the export of gte from Brygz (modern Broch, Indi) (26). The medievl Muslim communities lso mstered the technique of etching crnelin eds. Even tody there re crftsmen, for exmple in Irn, producing crnelin ojects etched with Kornic verses. From chronologicl point of view, etched eds re commonly clssified into three groups: Group A pre-2000 BCE; Group B 300 BCE-AD 200; nd Group C AD Ech of these groups is chrcterized y different designs (27). Depending on the period, etched eds were widespred in the western regions of Asi from Syri/Jordn to Turkey, Mesopotmi nd Irn, the Cucsus nd Centrl Asi, nd in the est from Indi to Chin nd Thilnd (28). 32

3 (ETCHED) CARNELIAN BEADS Three types of etched crnelin eds H.C. Beck ws the first to mke detiled study of etched crnelin eds. On the sis of the mnufcturing technique used, he defined two min groups (29): 1) nturlly coloured crnelin eds etched with white pttern; nd 2) completely white etched crnelin eds decorted with lck design. Forty yers lter, E.C.L. During Cspers (30) nd J. Rede (31) distinguished third type: lck pttern on nturlly coloured crnelin ed. Of these vrieties, the white-on-red type ws the most common, the lck-on-white type ws uncommon while the lck-on-red type ws extremely rre (32). Methods of mnufcture On the sis of experimentl nd ethnogrphicl reserch, H.C. Beck (33) nd E. Mcky (34) descried the mnufcturing techniques of oth the white-on-red nd the lck-on-white types. Beds of the first type re decorted y drwing pttern on the crnelin with solution of lkli (generlly sod). By heting the ed, the lkli enters the stone, etching permnent white design. In the cse of the lck-on-white type, the ed ws entirely whitened y this technique, fter which the lck design ws drwn with metllic solution (copper, colt nd mngnese would hve trced the est lines). Finlly, the ed ws heted nd in this wy the pttern ws etched on the crnelin (35). The qulity of the etched decortion depended on the individul stone nd the firing temperture (36). The friction of the crnelin eds themselves is well descried y E. Mcky (37), M. Tosi (38), P. Frncis, Jr. (39) nd M.-L. Inizn (40). After the extrction of the rw mteril, the peles were rosted to intensify their red colour through oxidtion (41) s well s to soften their cortex to fcilitte the flking off of ldes from the core (42). In next step, these ldes were reduced to smller pieces. Susequently, through precise nd creful chipping, rough eds were formed. During this stge, grinding of the crnelin on the surfce of corse metmorphic rocks ws done s well. The next step ws the most complex one: the eds were ored from oth ends nd the drill-holes hd to meet in the middle. Sometimes, e.g. t Chnhu-Dro, the drilling ws done efore the finl shping of the ed, proly ecuse of the risk of reking the ed. Finlly, the eds were polished nd reheted to ring ck their originl shine (43). Unfortuntely, distinguishing workshops on the sis of the mnufcturing methods used hs not een possile (44). However, efforts hve een mde to source the different crnelins used in ntiquity using non-destructive compositionl nlysis, such s PIXE/PIGME (45). The Erly Bronze Age (Fig. 1) On Bhrin (Tle 1) t lest fourteen etched eds re known from excvtions, minly in grves. In the UAE (Tle 2) they occur in circulr, oveground toms of Umm n-nr type or in suterrnen, rectngulr refuse toms in their immedite vicinity. Some twenty-eight eds hve een recovered in grves t costl (Umm n-nr, Al Sufouh, Mowiht, Tell Arq nd Shiml) nd inlnd sites (Hili nd Hili North). These toms dte minly to the lte third millennium BCE. Thus fr no etched eds of the Erly Bronze Age hve een reported from Omn. The types which hve een discovered in this period in the Persin Gulf re lso known in the Indus Vlley nd on mjor sites in southern Mesopotmi (Eshnunn, Kish, Nippur, Ur) nd Irn (Shh Tepe, Sus, Tepe Hissr). Northestern Ari 1. Medint Hmd/Hmd Town (Bhrin) (Bhrin Ntionl Museum, Mnm) Tumulus 420: two eds of the white-on-red type. One ovl ed etched with two sets of touching triple concentric circles (relted to Rede s types D7/D8) (Fig. 2.1). Another ovl ed shows three circle segments inscried in n ovl (relted to Rede s types D10/D11) (Fig. 2.1) (46). Other eds from Medint Hmd: t lest eleven eds of the white-on-red type. Six re lentoid with nd round the edge or eye pttern (Rede s type D1) (Fig. 2.1c). Five others re elongted ellipticl lentoids etched with tngent circles/figures-of-eight or spectcles (Rede s type D5/D6) (Fig. 2.1d) (47). 2. Sr el-jisr (Bhrin) (Bhrin Ntionl Museum, Mnm) One ed (Fig. 2.2) from grve S-267.3, proly of the white-on-red type. It is n ovl lentoid ed 33

4 A. DE WAELE AND E. HAERINCK I R A Q KUWAIT I R A N P E R S I A N G U L F S A U D I A R A B I A BAHRAIN Sr el-jisr Medint Hmd QATAR Umm n-nr Shiml Tell Arq Mowiht Al Sufouh Hili UNITED ARAB EMIRATES A R A B I A N S E A O M A N N km Fig. 1. Sites where etched eds from the Erly Bronze Age hve een found (mp y Erik Smekens). Tle 1. Rede s type Technique Site (numer of eds) D1 white-on-red Medint Hmd (6) Sr el-jisr (1) D5/D6 white-on-red Medint Hmd (5) relted to D7/D8 white-on-red Medint Hmd, tumulus 420 (1) relted to D10/D11 white-on-red Medint Hmd, tumulus 420 (1) decorted with nd round the edge ( eye pttern ; Rede s type D1) (48). Southestern Ari 1. Umm n-nr Islnd (Au Dhi) Cirn II: white-on-red rrel-shped ed (Fig. 2.3) with four encircling lines (Rede s type B1) (49). 2. Al Sufouh (Dui) (Dui Archeologicl Museum). Tom I: six eds in chmer 2; Tom II: three eds. Only ed AS 232 is of the white-on-red type; the eight others re of the lck-on-white type (Fig. 2.4). Eight show three concentric circles, the outermost forming sort of ovl frme (repeted Tle 2. Rede s type Technique Site (numer of eds) B1 white-on-red Umm n-nr (1) B3 white-on-red Al Sufouh (1) Mowiht (1) Hili tom N (2) lck-on-white Al Sufouh (8)? Hili North tom B (5) B8?? Hili tom B (1) relted to C3 white-on-red Hili tom N (1) relted to D7/D8 red-on-white Tell Arq (1) D8 white-on-red Hili North tom A (1) relted to D10 white-on-red Hili tom N (1) D10 white-on-red Mowiht (1) lck-on-white Hili North tom A (1) E1/E2 lck-on-red Shiml (1) E2 white-on-red Hili tom N (1)?? Shiml (1) eye design ; Rede s type B3). The ninth one hs only two concentric circles (50). 3. Mowiht (Ajmn) (Ajmn Archeologicl Museum). Tom B: two eds of the white-on-red type. One hs pttern consisting of three concentric circles (repeted eye design ; Rede s type B3) (Fig. 2.5). 34

5 (ETCHED) CARNELIAN BEADS 1. Medint Hmd c d 2. Sr el-jisr 3. Umm n-nr 4. Al Sufouh 5. Mowiht 6. Tell Arq c d 7. Hili - Tom N 8. Hili North - Tom A Fig. 2. Etched eds from the Erly Bronze Age, scle 1 1 (drwings y Erik Smekens fter 1) Lomrd, L mison u ord du qui : 96 n 94 nd Aruz, Art of the first cities: 312 n 208; 2) Irhim, Excvtions t Sr el-jisr: Pl. 56.3; 3) Frifelt, The islnd of Umm n-nr: Fig. 238-; 4) Benton, Excvtions t Al Sufouh: Fig. 149; 5) l-tikriti, Umm n-nr culture: Pl. 46: T-U; 6) Potts, Ancient Mgn: 313 n 209; 7) Méry, McSweeney, Vn Der Leeuw & Al Tikriti, New pproches: Fig. 13; 8) Cleuziou & Vogt, Tom A t Hili north: Fig. 5: 1 2). The other one hs str design (Rede s type D10) (Fig. 2.5) (51). 4. Tell Arq (Shrjh/Umm l-qiwin) (Shrjh Archeologicl Museum) Grve TA 2106: one ed of the red-on-white type (Fig. 2: 6) decorted with three concentric circles touching ech other (relted to Rede s type D7/D8) (52). 5. Shiml (Rs l-khimh) (Rs l-khimh Ntionl Museum) Tom Sh 222: two eds. One is of the extremely rre lck-on-red type nd is etched with rectiliner lozenge pttern (Rede s type E1/E2) (53). 6. Hili (Au Dhi) (Al-Ain Museum). Tom B: one olong rrel-shped ed with dotted honeycom design (relted to Rede s type B8?) (54). Tom N: t lest five white-on-red eds were found (55). One ed is etched with rectiliner lozenge pttern filled with single circles (Rede s type E2) (Fig. 2.7). Two eds re decorted with pttern consisting of three concentric circles (repeted eye design ; Rede s type B3) (Fig. 2.7). Another ed shows design relted to Rede s type D10 (Fig. 2.7c). Similr etched eds hve een found in Mesopotmi, Indi (e.g. Chnhu-Dro) (56) nd Afghnistn (e.g. Shortugï) (57). Finlly, the lst ed is relted to Rede s type C3 (Fig. 2.7d). 7. Hili North (Au Dhi) (Al-Aïn Museum). Tom A: two eds. Bed m.100, with lozengeshped section, is of the white-on-red type nd is decorted with pttern of three concentric circles (Rede s type D8) (Fig. 2.8). The other one, m.146, is lck-on-white type etched ed with str design (Rede s type D10) (Fig. 2.8) (58). Tom B: five eds were found, ut remin unpulished. They re etched with repeted eye designs (Rede s type B3) (59). The Lte Bronze Age (?) (c BCE) A Wdi Suq period ( BCE) tom t Dhyh (Rs l-khimh) contined two etched eds, ut they proly elong to secondry 35

6 A. DE WAELE AND E. HAERINCK linked to the disppernce of the Indus Civilistion, which ws seemingly the min, if not the exclusive purveyor of etched crnelin eds. However, the technique ws not lost since exmples of etched eds repper during the Iron Age. Fig. 3. The etched eds BQ 65, ED 18 nd BQ 164 from ed-dur, scle 2/1 (photogrphs y Erik Smekens). PIR uril (see elow). For the following period, preferly clled the Lte Bronze Age (60), one ed is reported. We know of t lest one exmple from tom t Qttrh (Au Dhi) (Al-Ain Museum) (61). Unfortuntely this ed remins unpulished nd there is no further informtion ville. Although seemingly found in Lte Bronze Age tom, criticl pproch is wrrnted. A lter reuse of this tom cn y no mens e excluded. Pulictions of the Qttrh ssemlge re dly needed. The lmost complete sence of etched eds in second-millennium BCE contexts is most likely The Iron Age (c BCE) (Fig. 4) During the Iron Age etched eds seem to e extremely rre. Three eds found in stone vessel, hidden ehind wll of house F t Rumeilh (Au Dhi), were pulished s etched (62). However, informtion provided y Rémy Bouchrlt clerly indictes tht the three eds were mde of glss pste (63). According to Crl Phillips, one etched ed ws found in n Iron Age tom in the Wdi l-qwr (Rs l-khimh) which, however, lso included lter uril of first-second-century AD dte (64). Unfortuntely, more informtion on this ed nd its context is lcking. At Rwdh-Muqtt (l Jwf, Omn) two eds (Fig. 5.1-) were found in tom Mu1 nd re ttriuted to the Lizq/Rumeilh period in the Omni chronology (65). I R A Q KUWAIT I R A N P E R S I A N G U L F S A U D I A R A B I A BAHRAIN QATAR Dhyh Di ed-dur Kl Wdi l-qwr Qttrh UNITED ARAB EMIRATES A R A B I A N S E A O M A N Rwdh-Muqtt Smd Rs l-hdd N km Fig. 4. Sites where etched eds from the Lte Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the PIR-period nd the Ssnin/Erly Islmic er were found (mp y Erik Smekens). 36

7 (ETCHED) CARNELIAN BEADS 1. Rwdh-Muqtt 2. Ed-Dur c d e f 3. Dhyh 4. Smd 5. R's l Hdd c d e f Fig. 5. Etched eds from the Lte Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the PIR-period nd the Ssnin/Erly Islmic er, scle 1/1 (drwings y Erik Smekens fter 1) Yule, Die Gräerfelder: Tfel 531: 1.6; 3) Kästner, Some preliminry remrks: Fig. 2:, h; 4) Yule, Die Gräerfelder: Tfel 99: 2.12, Tfel 450: 2; 5) Rede, Excvtions t R s l-hdd: Fig. 37. PIR (Pré-islmique récent; lte first millennium BCE-erly centuries AD) (Fig. 4) This period witnessed mjor increse in interntionl trffic, prticulrly through the Persin Gulf. Those goods from distnt regions which pssed through the Persin Gulf included etched crnelin eds of types which differ stylisticlly from those of the Bronze nd Iron Age. 1. Ed-Dur (Umm l-qiwin) (Umm l-qiwin Museum) Three eds of the white-on-red type were found y the Belgin tem (Fig. 3). Bed BQ 65 ws found in tom 10 of Are BQ. This unplundered tom of child ws simple pit uril. The child hd necklce mde of stone, glss pste nd shell eds, with ronze ell in the centre. The necklce included one gloulr etched ed with dotted circles nd dots in the field (Fig. 5.2). The rrelshped eds BQ 164 (Fig. 5.2c) nd ED 18 (Fig. 5.2) were, unfortuntely, surfce finds (66). During the British excvtions t ed-dur, one etched crnelin ed of the white-on-red type ws found in tom AP.1. The terdrop shpe nd plce of the two perfortions strongly suggest it ws pendnt (Fig. 5.2d) (67). The French tem found two etched crnelin eds in tom 835 of the uilding in re F. Bed F 33 (Fig. 5.2e) is of the white-on-red nd ed F 39 (Fig. 5.2f) of the red-on-white type (68). The tom proly dtes to the third/fourth century AD. 2. Di (Shrjh) (Shrjh Archeologicl Museum) During the excvtion of tom t Di in 2004, Sh Aoud Jsim discovered no less thn six etched eds, ll of the white-on-red type. More informtion on this grve nd the eds will e pulished in the future (69). 3. Kl (Shrjh) One etched ed ws discovered in grve t Kl. However, the dte of the Kl urils is difficult to determine. They re post-iron Age, most likely from round the first third centuries AD, lthough they might e lter (70). 4. Dhyh (Rs l-khimh) (Rs l-khimh Museum) Tom 1 t Dhyh yielded two etched eds (Fig. 5.3 ) with rther creless decortion. 37

8 A. DE WAELE AND E. HAERINCK Although occurring in tom of the Wdi Suq period they most likely elong to secondry PIRperiod uril (71). 5. Wdi l-qwr (Rs l-khimh) An Iron Age tom t Wdi l-qwr ws lter reused for first-second century uril. One ed ws found nd could elong to the PIR grve (72). 6. Smd (Omn) Tom S contined rrel-shped ed decorted with horizontl stripes (Fig. 5.4) (73). The Ssnin/Erly Islmic period (Fig. 4) An etched ed ws found in the grve of womn t Smd (Tom S 3018), together with thirty-five plin crnelin eds. It is lrge gloulr ed with white-on-red rnk/scroll motif (Fig. 5.4). It is not cler to which phse of the Smd period this ed elongs. A lte reuse of the tom in the Ssnin/ Erly Islmic period cnnot e excluded (74). At R s l Hdd (Omn) (mound HD-4) severl etched eds were found in twelfth-century AD context (Fig. 5.5 f) (75). On the lter eds (group C) St. J. Simpson remrks tht they re less crefully mnufctured (colour, shpe nd drill-holes). They would hve originted in Irn during the Ssnin period (in Indi just few exmples were found), nd they would hve spred oth geogrphiclly (outside the Ssnin Empire) nd chronologiclly (until the Islmic period) (76). only minor element testifying to these multiple contcts. In generl, the temporl distriution of these eds in northest nd southest Ari differs in no wy from the picture we otin from other regions. The reltively smll numer of etched eds found could e n indictor of the high vlue of these ojects. Although the rw mteril ws present in the Gulf region, only one possile workshop of gte nd/or crnelin hs yet een identified (t l-ghil, 40 km south of Rs l-khimh). In ddition, unworked nodules hve een found in secondmillennium tom t Shiml nd t the medievl town of Julfr, oth in the Emirte of Rs l-khimh (77). There is thus evidence of some open-cst mining of nded gte nd crnelin, ut until now there is no evidence of mjor stone ed production in the re, nd certinly not of etched eds. The ltter therefore seem certinly to represent imports. In view of the ville evidence it is resonle to ssume tht the eds found in northest nd southest Ari were imported from workshops on the Indin sucontinent, whether through direct or indirect contcts. Another source, such s Mesopotmi, cnnot e excluded t the moment. However, it is y no mens certin tht etched eds were ever produced there, even if some scholrs hve mde this suggestion. The presence of etched crnelin eds in northest nd southest Ari is thus more likely to e linked to the trnsport of commodities produced in the Indus Vlley y sefring merchnts in the Persin Gulf, phenomenon ttested in severl different periods. Conclusion Like mny other regions in the Ner Est, such s Irn or Irq, the Arin shores of the Persin Gulf nd Omn were involved in long-distnce trde etween Est nd West. Etched/leched eds re Acknowledgements We would like to thnk Erik Smekens, drughtsmn nd photogrpher of the Deprtment of Lnguges nd Cultures of the Ner Est nd North Afric (Ghent University, Belgium), for creting the illustrtions in this rticle. References 1. Duin LS. The history of eds. From 30,000 B.C. to the present. New York: Hrry N. Arms, 1995: 7; Jyotsn M. Distinctive eds in ncient Indi. Oxford: BAR Int Ser, 864: 2000: Beck HC. Etched crnelin eds. The Antiquries Journl 13: 1933: During Cspers ECL. Etched cornelin eds. Bulletin of the Institute of Archeology : Rede J. Erly etched eds nd the Indus- Mesopotmi trde. London: British Museum Occsionl Pper, 2: Tllon F. Introduction. In: Tllon F, ed. Les pierres précieuses de l Orient ncien des Sumériens ux Sssnides. Pris: Éditions de l Réunion des musées ntionux, 1995: Inizn M.-L. Cornline et gtes: Production et circultion de l préhistoire à nos jours. In: Tllon, Les pierres précieuses: 21.

9 (ETCHED) CARNELIAN BEADS 7. Arkell AJ. Cmy nd the ed trde. Antiquity 10: 1936: Whitehouse D. Crnelin in the Persin Gulf. Antiquity 49: 1975: Vogt B. Bronze Age mritime trde in the Indin Ocen: Hrppn trits on the Omn Peninsul. In: Rede J, ed. The Indin Ocen in ntiquity. London- New York: Kegn Pul Interntionl, 1996: Mcky E. Indi: Technology. Decorted crnelin eds. Mn 33: 1933: Tosi M. Krneol. RlA 5: : Simpson StJ. Ssnin eds: The evidence of rt, texts nd rcheology. In: Glover IC, Hughes-Brock H & Henderson J, eds. Ornments from the pst: Bed studies fter Beck. London: Bed Study Trust, 2003: A ctlogue of the etched crnelin eds from Bronze Age Indi cn e found in Possehl GL. Meluhh. In: Rede, The Indin Ocen in ntiquity: Possehl, Meluhh: 158. Ctlogues of the lredy excvted Mesopotmin (nd Indin) etched crnelin eds cn e found in Beck, Etched crnelin eds: ; During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: 86 88, 92 95; s well s Rede, Erly etched eds: For exmple During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: 95; Rede, Erly etched eds: 24; Jyotsn, Distinctive eds: Possehl, Meluhh: During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: Tllon, Introduction: Rede, Erly etched eds: 24; Possehl, Meluhh: There is, of course, the possiility tht these eds were not yet excvted in Indi or tht they re still unpulished. 21. Rede, Erly etched eds: Jyotsn, Distinctive eds: Beck HC. The eds from Txil. Delhi: Memoirs of the Archeologicl Survey of Indi, 65, 1941: 3 4, Pl. I.1 7, Pl. II Rede, Erly etched eds: Inizn, Cornline et gtes: Csson L. The Periplus Mris Erythrei. Text with introduction, trnsltion, nd commentry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989: Beck, Etched crnelin eds: Beck, Etched crnelin eds: ; Glover I. The rcheologicl evidence for erly trde etween Indi nd Southest Asi. In: Rede, The Indin Ocen in ntiquity: Beck, Etched crnelin eds: During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: Rede, Erly etched eds: During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: Beck, Etched crnelin eds: Mcky, Indi: Technology: Beck, Etched crnelin eds: 384, 386. However, the precise mnufcturing technique of the lck-on-white type is still unknown. Relying on H.C. Beck s experimentl reserch, copper nitrte solution seems to give the est results (During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: 85). 36. Rede, Erly etched eds: Mcky E. Bed mking in ncient Sind. JAOS 57: 1937: Tosi, Krneol: Frncis P, Jr. Bedmking t Arikmedu nd eyond. World Archeology 23/1: 1991: Inizn, Cornline et gtes: Most of the crnelin nodules just extrcted do not yet hve their nice red colour (Inizn, Cornline et gtes: 22). 42. Tosi, Krneol: Tosi, Krneol: Rede, Erly etched eds: Theunissen R, Grve P & Biley G. Douts on diffusion: Chllenging the ssumed Indin origin of Iron Age gte nd crnelin eds in Southest Asi. World rcheology 32: 2000: Lomrd P. L mison u ord du qui : L entrepôt du royume. In: Bhreïn. L civilistion des deux mers de Dilmoun à Tylos (Exposition présentée à l Institut du monde re du 18 mi u 29 oût 1999). Pris: Institut du monde re, 1999: 96, n Aruz J, ed. Art of the first cities. The third millennium B.C. from the Mediterrnen to the Indus. New York: The Metropolitn Museum of Art, 2003: 312, n Irhim M. Excvtions of the Ar expedition t Sr el-jisr, Bhrin. Bhrin: Ministry of Informtion, 1982: 21, 36, pl. 56: Frifelt K. The islnd of Umm n-nr. Volume I. Third millennium grves. Arhus: JASP, 26/1: 1991: , Fig. 238-; Rede, Erly etched eds: Benton JN. Excvtions t Al Sufouh. A third millennium site in the Emirte of Dui. Turnhout: Aiel, 1: 1996: , Figs , l-tikriti WY. Umm n-nr culture in the northern Emirtes: Third millennium BC toms t Ajmn. AUAE 5: 1989: 95, Pl. 46.T-U, Pl. 58B. 52. Potts DT. Ancient Mgn. The secrets of Tell Arq. London: Trident Press, 2000: 131; Potts DT. The Gulf: Dilmun nd Omn. In: Aruz J, ed. Art of the first cities. The third millennium B.C. from the Mediterrnen to the Indus. New York: The Metropolitn Museum of Art, 2003: 313, n Vogt, Bronze Age mritime trde: Vogt B. The Umm n-nr tom A t Hili north: A preliminry report of three sesons of excvtion, AUAE 4: 1985: 33; Vogt, Bronze Age mritime trde: Al Tikriti WY & Méry S. Tom N t Hili nd the question of the suterrnen grves during the Umm n-nr period. PSAS 30: 2000: 217, Fig 11: 2 3; Méry S, McSweeney K, Vn Der Leeuw S & Al Tikriti WY. New pproches to collective grve from the Umm n-nr period t Hili (UAE). Pléorient 30, 1: 2004: Fig Rede, Erly etched eds: Fig. 2: i; During Cspers, Etched cornelin eds: 87, Fig. 1: 13; Possehl, Meluhh: Fig Frncfort HP. Fouilles de Shortughï. Recherches sur l Asie Centrle protohistorique. Mémoires de l Mission Archéologique Frnçise en Asie Centrle, II. Pris: Diffusion de Boccrd, 1989: Pl. 72.3, Pl. 36e. 58. Cleuziou S & Vogt B. Tom A t Hili north (United Ar Emirtes) nd its mteril connections to Southest Irn nd the greter Indus Vlley. In: Schotsmns J & Tddei M, eds. South Asin rcheology Nples: Istituto Universitrio Orientle Diprtimento di Studi Asitici Series Minor, 23: 1985: , Fig ; Vogt, The Umm n-nr tom A t Hili north: 33, Pl

10 A. DE WAELE AND E. HAERINCK 59. Vogt, The Umm n-nr tom A t Hili north: 33; Vogt, Bronze Age mritime trde: Velde C. Wdi Suq nd Lte Bronze Age in the Omn Peninsul. In: Potts D, Al Noodh H & Hellyer P, eds. Archeology of the United Ar Emirtes. Proceedings of the First Interntionl Conference on the Archeology of the U.A.E. London: Trident Press, 2003: Vogt, Bronze Age mritime trde: 113; Kästner J.-M. Some preliminry remrks concerning two recently excvted toms in Dhyh/Rs l-khimh. In: Schippmnn K, Herling A & Slles J.-F., eds. Golf-Archäologie: Mesopotmien, Irn, Kuwit, Bhrin, Vereinigte Arische Emirte und Omn. Buch m Erlch: Interntionle Archäologie, 6: 1991: Bouchrlt R & Lomrd P. The osis of Al Ain in the Iron Age: Excvtions t Rumeilh Survey t Hili 14. AUAE: 1985: We grtefully cknowledge Rémy Bouchrlt s kindness in providing us with the originl fieldnotes, other records nd slides of these eds. The description pâte de verre is present on the oject-files of the three eds. 64. We thnk Crl Phillips, who directed the excvtion of the tom, for kindly providing this informtion. 65. Yule P. Die Gräerfelder in Smd l Shn (Sultnt Omn). Mterilien zu einer Kulturgeschichte. Rhden: Verlg Mrie Leidorf, 2001: 396, Tfel 531: Herinck E. Excvtions t ed-dur (Umm l-qiwin, United Ar Emirtes). Vol. II. The toms. Leuven: Peeters, 2001: Pl (¼BQ 65). The two others BQ 164 nd ED 18 re unpulished, ut presented here. 67. Informtion nd illustrtion kindly provided y C. Phillips who directed the excvtions of the British tem t ed-dur. 68. We thnk Olivier Lecomte for kindly providing this informtion. 69. We most grtefully cknowledge Sh Aoud Jsim s kindness in letting us exmine these eds in Mrch, 2005, in the Archeologicl Museum of Shrjh, nd for llowing us to quote this informtion. 70. Informtion kindly provided y C. Phillips. 71. Kästner, Some preliminry remrks: 235, 241, Fig. 2: -h; Simpson, Ssnin eds: Informtion kindly provided y C. Phillips who excvted the tom. 73. Yule, Die Gräerfelder: 253, Tfel 99: Yule, Die Gräerfelder: 358, Tfel 450: 2; Simpson, Ssnin eds: Rede J. Excvtions t R s l-hdd, Preliminry report. In: Cleuziou S, Rede J & Tosi M, eds. The Joint Hdd Project. Summry report on the third seson (Octoer 1987-Ferury 1988). Nples: Istituto Universitrio Orientle, 1990: 42, Fig. 37; Nyeem MA. The Sultnte of Omn. Prehistory nd Protohistory of the Arin Peninsul, 4. Hyderd: Hyderd Pulishers, 1996: Fig Simpson, Ssnin eds: Vogt, Bronze Age mritime trde: All in-text references underlined in lue re linked to pulictions on ReserchGte, letting you ccess nd red them immeditely.