STABLE FORMULATION OF FACIAL CLEANSER BASED ON VIRGIN COCONUT OIL NOR SHALEHA BINTI KUNYA ALABI

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1 i STABLE FORMULATION OF FACIAL CLEANSER BASED ON VIRGIN COCONUT OIL NOR SHALEHA BINTI KUNYA ALABI A final year research thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Bioprocess) Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resource Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE, 2013

2 vi ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the stability of facial cleanser based on virgin coconut oil. The parameters evaluated were the ph, viscosity, sensory score, transepidermal water loss, elasticity and moisture of the skin. The results of the stability test indicated samples containing virgin coconut oil extract are stable in the normal ph. The results for the sensory test showed that sample with the highest percentage of virgin coconut oil extract is the most acceptable due to its pleasant odour, moistness, smoothness and also colour. For the skin test, the sample with high virgin coconut oil result in the highest skin moisturizing effect and elasticity. The results indicate there was an increased in the skin barrier s moisture content and skin elasticity. The ph of the skin are also in the range of normal physiological skin condition ( )...

3 vii ABSTRAK Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kestabilan pencuci muka berasaskan minyak kelapa dara. Parameter dinilai adalah ph, kelikatan, skor deria, kehilangan air transepidermis, keanjalan dan kelembapan kulit. Keputusan ujian kestabilan menunjukkan sampel yang mengandungi ekstrak dara minyak kelapa adalah stabil pada ph yang normal. Keputusan bagi ujian deria menunjukkan sampel yang mempunyai peratusan tinggi dara ekstrak minyak kelapa adalah yang paling boleh diterima kerana bau yang menyenangkan, moistness, kelancaran dan juga warna. Untuk ujian kulit, sampel yang tinggi kelapa dara hasil minyak di tertinggi kesan pelembab kulit dan keanjalan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat telah peningkatan dalam kandungan kelembapan halangan kulit dan keanjalan kulit. PH kulit juga dalam julat normal keadaan kulit fisiologi ( )..

4 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLE viii LIST OF FIGURE xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study Problem Statement Objective Scope of Study 4

5 ix 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Virgin Coconut Oil Facial cleanser extract of virgin coconut oil overview Ingredients Analysis of Facial cleanser of Virgin Coconut Oil Skin Test Sensory Test 14 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Cream Formulation Preliminary Phases Determination of the Range of factors Design of Experiments (DOE) Experimental Procedure Method for Sample Analysis Stability Testing Sensory Test Skin Test Data Analysis Optimization Verification 27 4 RESULT 4.1 Plant-Derive Formulation Preliminary Test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The Optimization Experiment Verification Phase 42

6 x 4.4 Sensory Evaluation Test Stability Tests Skin Test 56 5 CONCLUSION 64 REFERENCES 67 APPENDICES 71

7 67 REFERENCES A. Shai, H.I. Maibach, R. Baran, Handbook of cosmetic skin care, Martin Dunitz, London, Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC). Internet: Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil (2003). Download from STANDARDS/ on 23/12/2012. Baran, R. and Maibach, H. Textbook if cosmetics dermatology, second edition. Martin Dunitz Ltd. Benett W. (1983). Benett s Cosmetic Formulary, II Edition Chemical Publishing Company, New York, pages Bergsson, G., Arnfinnsson, J., Karlsson, S. S. M., SteingrioMsson, O., & Thormar, H. (1998). In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 42(9), "Bubbles, Bubbles, Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink". The Lipid Chronicles. Retrieved 08/01/2012. Bureau of Product Standards (BPS). (2004). Philippine National Standards: Virgin coconut oil. Philippines: Department of Trade and Industry.

8 68 Carlo Anchisi, Anna Maria Maccioni, Chiara Sinico, Donatella Valenti (2001), Stability studies of new cosmetic formulations with vegetable extracts as functional agent, Elvisier Derek H. Owen, Jennifer J. Peters, Michael L. Lavine, David F. Katz. Effect of temperature and ph on contraceptive gel viscosity Divina D.Bawalan and Keith R. Chapman (2006),Virgin Coconut Oil production manual for micro- and village-scale processing, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). F.Puisieux, M. Seiller, Galenica (5), Les Syste`mes disperse s, Technique et Documentation, Lavoiser, Paris, 1983, pp Fife, Bruce C.N., N.D., Coconut Cures-Preventing and Treating Common Health Problems with Coconut, pg. 156 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (1983), Journal Of The American College Of Toxicology, 2:7. Retrieve October 2012 from J.B: Wilkinson, R.J. Moore (Eds.), Harry s Cosmeticology, Chemical Publishing Co, Inc, New York, 1982, p J. Zhang, D. Fu, Y. Xu, C. Liu, Optimization of parameters on photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol using TiO2 photocatalyst by response surface methodology, J. Environ. Sci. 22 (8) (2010) Kabara, J.J., Health oils from the Tree of Life (Nutritional and Health Aspect of Coconut Oil). Paper delivered at the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) COCOTECH meeting held in Chennai. India. Knowlton, J., & Pearce, S. (1993). Handbook of cosmetics science and technology. first edition. Elsevier Advanced Technology

9 69 Lawless, H. T., & Heymann, H. (1999). Sensory evaluation of food. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers. L. Iida (1992). Recent trend of development of lipstick viewed from the point of touch and make-up effect, Fragrance J., 20, Lissant, K.J., (1974). Emulsion and emulsion technology edited by Kenneth J.LissNT. New York:Marcel Dekker. Miller, D.J., Henning, T., Grunbien, W. (2001). Phase inversion of w/o emulsion by adding hydrophilic surfactant-a technique for making cosmetics products. Colloid and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect , Nevin, KG., Rajamohan, T. Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2010;23(6): Epub 2010 Jun 3. Proksch, E., Holst, R.F., Jensen, J.M. (2006). Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in Eczema. Journal of Dermatologist Sience. 43: Ramalho, A., Silva, C.L., Pais, A.A.C.C and Sousa, J.J.S. (2007). In vitro friction study of human skin: Influence of moisturizer on Different anatomical sites. Wear. Rosenthal, A., Pyle, D. L., & Niranjan, K. (1996). Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 19, 402e420 Woodroof JG (1979) Coconuts: production, processing, products, 2nd edn. AVI, Westport Wortel, V.A.L., & Wiechers, J.W(2000). Skin Sensory Performance of Individual Personal care ingredients and marketed Personal care Products. Food Quality Preference. 11:

The Study on the Development and Processing Transfer of Lip Balm Products from Virgin Coconut Oil: A Case Study

The Study on the Development and Processing Transfer of Lip Balm Products from Virgin Coconut Oil: A Case Study Suwimon Kwunsiriwong, Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University, Thailand The Asian Conference on